comcat
type: ConceptScheme
abstract: A taxonomy concerned with the collection of traded commodities for use by the global financial community. Taxons are assigned a numeric code across up to four tiers of hierarchy: the class of commodity, the category within the class, and the kind of commodity within the category, possibly extended with the sub-kind. The list of traded commodities, be it standard listed products or products traded OTC, is constantly monitored for the purpose of regular revisions to the standard.
creator: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7352-2825
format: text/turtle
issued: 2022-06-28T02:25:19Z
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
modified: 2022-06-18T12:43:00Z
definition: A commodity is an economic good or service that has full or substantial fungibility, i.e the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them.
note: This taxonomy (broadly) follows industry's vocabularies, such as FAO's agrovoc, various tariff systems, or the STW thesaurus. It is made by market participants who needed a single fine-grained classification system instead of choosing between several domain-specific ones or a single coarse one.
preferred label: Taxonomy for traded commodities
copyright: Copyright (c) 2022 GA Financial Solutions GmbH
file abbreviation: comcat
filename: comcat.skos.ttl
preferred namespace prefix: ccat

Hards
type: Concept
definition: Hard commodities, or hards, are commodities that, generally, are mined, rather than grown.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10
top concept of: comcat

Energy
type: Concept
broader: Hards
definition: Commodities that deal specifically with the trade and supply of energy.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 1010

Crude Products
type: Concept
broader: Energy
definition: Products associated with the extraction and processing of crude oil.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 101010

Crude Oil
type: Concept
broader: Crude Products
definition: Raw, unprocessed blend of various petroleum products. Highly volatile components are traded as Natural Gas (101020).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10101010

Crude Variance
type: Concept
broader: Crude Products
definition: Product that tracks the variance or volatility of crude oil.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10101015

Crude Transfer
type: Concept
broader: Crude Products
definition: Booked pipeline capacity for the purpose of oil transfers.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10101050

Crude Storage
type: Concept
broader: Crude Products
definition: Booked storage capacity for the purpose of deferring transfer or refining.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10101070

Crude Premium
type: Concept
broader: Crude Products
definition: Premium of one oil over another due to chemical composition, freight or storage costs.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10101080

Crack Spread
type: Concept
broader: Crude Products
definition: Premium of a component extracted from a crude oil over the crude oil itself. Also includes combinations of components, e.g. the 3-2-1 crack spread.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10101085

Natural Gas
type: Concept
broader: Energy
definition: Naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture of higher alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, others), sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 101020

Purified Natural Gas
type: Concept
broader: Natural Gas
definition: Processed natural gas, or gas from petro-chemical processes, that is close to pure methane or pure ethane.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10102010

Natural Gas Variance
type: Concept
broader: Natural Gas
definition: Product that tracks the variance or volatility of natural gas.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10102015

Liquefied Natural Gas
type: Concept
alternative label: LNG
broader: Natural Gas
definition: Natural gas or purified natural gas that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transfer.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10102020

Liquefied Petroleum Gas
type: Concept
alternative label: LPG
broader: Natural Gas
definition: Flammable hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles. Either propane or butane or a mixture of roughly equal amounts thereof. Pentane, propylene, butylenes and various other hydrocarbons are usually also present in small concentrations. Standardised in EN 589.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10102030

Natural Gas Condensate
type: Concept
alternative label: Condy
broader: Natural Gas
definition: Low-density mixture of hydrocarbons present in raw natural gas cooled down below the hydrocarbon dew point.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10102040

Gas Baseload
type: Concept
broader: Natural Gas
definition: Baseload of gas delivered uniformly over a specified period of time (Time of delivery, TOD) through one or more designated hubs.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10102050

Pipeline capacity
type: Concept
broader: Natural Gas
definition: Booked capacity for the purpose of gas transfers.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10102055

Gas Premium
type: Concept
broader: Natural Gas
definition: Premium of one gas over another due to chemical composition, freight or storage costs.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10102080
scope note: This category is also used on spreads between hubs (delivery points).

Spark Spread
type: Concept
broader: Natural Gas
definition: Premium of gas (possibly including emission rights) used to produce power over baseload electricity.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10102085

Refined Products
type: Concept
broader: Energy
definition: Petrochemicals derived from crude oil when processed in oil refineries. This explicitly excludes chemical compounds produced in biochemical or (non-petro) industrial processes, e.g. ethanol from fermentation, or methanol from catalytic gas synthesis.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 101030
related: Q3444730

Heating Oil
type: Concept
broader: Refined Products
definition: Fuel oil that is primarily used for heating. Chemically very similar to diesel (gasoil, the motor fuel) which is why imarkers, e.g. Yellow 124 in the EU, might have been added.
in scheme: comcat
narrow match: http://zbw.eu/stw/descriptor/14215-2
notation: 10103010

Gasoline
type: Concept
alternative label: Petrol
broader: Refined Products
definition: Petroleum-derived flammable liquid used primarily as a motor fuel, obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10103020
note: On average, a 160-liter (42-U.S.-gallon) barrel of crude oil can yield up to about 72 liters (19 U.S. gallons) of gasoline, depending on the crude oil assay and on what other refined products are also extracted. Additives improve chemical stability and performance characteristics, control corrosiveness, and provide fuel system cleaning. Gasoline may contain oxygen-containing chemicals such as ethanol, MTBE, or ETBE to improve combustion.

Kerosene
type: Concept
alternative label: Jet Fuel
alternative label: Paraffin
broader: Refined Products
definition: Combustible hydrocarbon liquid widely used widely used as aviation fuel.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10103030

Diesel
type: Concept
alternative label: Gas Oil
alternative label: Petrodiesel
broader: Refined Products
definition: Any liquid fuel specifically designed for use in diesel engines
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10103040
scope note: Standardised in EN 590 (EU)

Marine Fuel
type: Concept
alternative label: Bunker
alternative label: Fuel Oil
alternative label: HFO
alternative label: HSFO
alternative label: NSFO
broader: Refined Products
definition: Any type of fuel oil used aboard water vessels. Usually bunker B or bunker C, also known as No. 5 or No. 6 respectively.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10103050

Naphtha
type: Concept
broader: Refined Products
definition: Flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture produced from natural gas condensates, petroleum distillates, and the distillation of coal tar and peat.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10103060
note: In different industries and regions naphtha may also be crude oil or refined products such as kerosene. It is also known as Shellite in Australia.

Visco Spread
type: Concept
broader: Refined Products
definition: Spread between different refined products that determines the premium of one oil over the other due to chemical composition, freight or storage costs.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10103080

Other Refined Products
type: Concept
broader: Refined Products
definition: Any other petrochemicals.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10103090

Coal
type: Concept
broader: Energy
definition: Combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 101040

Anthracite
type: Concept
alternative label: Hard Coal
broader: Coal
definition: Coal variety with the highest carbon content and the highest energy density.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10104010

Bituminous Coal
type: Concept
alternative label: Black Coal
alternative label: Thermal Coal
broader: Coal
definition: Coal with bitumen or asphalt, second highest ranking coal. Widely used as a thermal coal.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10104020

Sub-Bituminous Coal
type: Concept
broader: Coal
definition: Lower grade of coal with 35%-45% carbon. Widely used as a thermal coal.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10104025
scope note: The properties of this type are between those of lignite, the lowest grade of coal, and those of bituminous coal, the second-highest grade of coal. Sub-bituminous coal is primarily used as a fuel for steam-electric power generation.

Lignite
type: Concept
alternative label: Brown Coal
broader: Coal
definition: Soft coal with a relatively low heat content, used almost exclusively as a fuel for steam-electric power generation.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10104030

Coke
type: Concept
broader: Coal
definition: Made from thermal coal or oil in the absence of air, a process known as coking. May also be formed naturally by geologic processes.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10104040

Electricity
type: Concept
broader: Energy
definition: Energy derived from electric potential energy or kinetic energy, supplied by the combination of electric current and electric potential that is delivered by an electrical circuit
in scheme: comcat
notation: 101050

Base Load
type: Concept
broader: Electricity
definition: The minimum level of demand on an electrical grid over a span of time, met by unvarying power plants, dispatchable generation, or by a collection of smaller intermittent energy sources.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10105010

Peak Load
type: Concept
broader: Electricity
definition: Period in the load profile where demand is significantly higher than minimum supply level. Fluctuations may occur from hour to hour. Met by intermittent energy sources.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10105020

Off-peak
type: Concept
broader: Electricity
definition: Period in the load profile that shows nearly no peaks, typically the night, met by unvarying power plants.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10105030

Shoulder
type: Concept
broader: Electricity
definition: Upwards or downwards flank between off-peak and on-peak demand covered by special load following plants.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10105040

Floor/Cap
type: Concept
broader: Electricity
definition: Entitles the holder to receive compensation when the spot price (possibly including transmission charges) goes below/above a strike price.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10105050

Transmission Rights
type: Concept
broader: Electricity
definition: Entitles the holder to receive compensation for congestion charges across an energy path.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 10105080
scope note: This category is also used on spreads between hubs (delivery points) provided the legs' delivery times (peak/off-peak), or profiles (base/peak), or power sources (hydro/spark) are identical.

Precious Metal
type: Concept
broader: Hards
definition: Rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical element of high economic value. Chemically, less reactive than most elements.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 1020

Gold
type: Concept
broader: Precious Metal
definition: Bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. One of the least reactive chemical elements. Solid under standard conditions.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 102010
note: As of 2017, the world's largest gold producer by far was China with 440 tonnes per year.

Gold Variance
type: Concept
is replaced by: Precious Metal Variance
broader: Precious Metal
definition: Product that tracks the variance or volatility of spot gold.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 102015

Silver
type: Concept
broader: Precious Metal
definition: Soft, white, lustrous transition metal, exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. Solid under standard conditions.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 102020

Silver Variance
type: Concept
is replaced by: Precious Metal Variance
broader: Precious Metal
definition: Product that tracks the variance or volatility of spot silver.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 102025

Platinum
type: Concept
broader: Precious Metal
definition: Dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 102030
note: Used in catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewelry. Being a heavy metal, it leads to health problems upon exposure to its salts; but due to its corrosion resistance, metallic platinum has not been linked to adverse health effects. Compounds containing platinum, such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin, are applied in chemotherapy against certain types of cancer.

Palladium
type: Concept
broader: Precious Metal
definition: Rare and lustrous silvery-white metal with the lowest melting point and is the least density of platinum group elements.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 102040
note: Used in catalytic converters, electronics, dentistry, medicine, hydrogen purification, chemical applications, groundwater treatment, and jewelry. Key component of fuel cells, which react hydrogen with oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water.

Iridium
type: Concept
broader: Precious Metal
definition: Very rare, very hard, very dense, brittle, silvery-white transition metal.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 102050
note: Second-densest metal (after osmium). One of the rarest elements in Earth's crust, with annual production and consumption of only three tonnes. Iridium metal is employed when high corrosion resistance at high temperatures is needed, as in high-performance spark plugs, crucibles for recrystallization of semiconductors at high temperatures, and electrodes for the production of chlorine in the chloralkali process. Iridium radioisotopes are used in some radioisotope thermoelectric generators.

Rhodium
type: Concept
broader: Precious Metal
definition: Ultra-rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant, and chemically inert transition metal.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 102060
note: Found in platinum or nickel ores together with the other members of the platinum group metals. Used as catalyst in three-way catalytic converters in automobiles. Because rhodium metal is inert against corrosion and most aggressive chemicals, and because of its rarity, rhodium is usually alloyed with platinum or palladium and applied in high-temperature and corrosion-resistive coatings. White gold is often plated with a thin rhodium layer to improve its appearance while sterling silver is often rhodium-plated for tarnish resistance. Rhodium is sometimes used to cure silicones; a two-part silicone in which one part containing a silicon hydride and the other containing a vinyl-terminated silicone are mixed. One of these liquids contains a rhodium complex. Rhodium detectors are used in nuclear reactors to measure the neutron flux level. Other uses of rhodium include asymmetric hydrogenation used to form drug precursors and the processes for the production of acetic acid.

Ruthenium
type: Concept
broader: Precious Metal
definition: Rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group, inert to most other chemicals.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 102070
note: Annual production in 2017 was 35.5 tonnes. Used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors, as the capping layer for extreme ultraviolet photomasks. Ruthenium is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa.

Osmium
type: Concept
broader: Precious Metal
definition: Hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 102075
note: Found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element. Used in fountain pen nib tipping, electrical contacts, and in other applications that require extreme durability and hardness. Osmium is among the rarest elements in the Earth's crust, making up only 50 parts per trillion (ppt).

Precious Metal Cross
type: Concept
broader: Precious Metal
definition: Precious metals expressed in terms of other precious metals, e.g. XAUXAG, XAUXPT, etc.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 102080
note: ISO officially assigned currency codes to gold, silver, platinum, and palladium (XAU, XAG, XPT, XPL), by extension unofficial codes for other precious metals are XRH, XIR, XOS, XRU.

Precious Metal Variance
type: Concept
broader: Precious Metal
definition: Product that tracks the variance or volatility of precious metal.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 102085

Base Metal
type: Concept
alternative label: Non-ferrous Metal
broader: Hards
definition: Common and inexpensive non-ferrous metals, as opposed to precious metals.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 1030

Copper
type: Concept
broader: Base Metal
definition: Soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103010
note: A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement.

Brass
type: Concept
broader: Base Metal
definition: Alloy of copper and zinc.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103013

Bronze
type: Concept
broader: Base Metal
definition: Alloy of copper and tin.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103015

Aluminium
type: Concept
broader: Base Metal
definition: Silvery-white, soft, non-magnetic and ductile metal in the boron group.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103020
note: Aluminium is remarkable for its low density and its ability to resist corrosion through the phenomenon of passivation. Aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and important in transportation and building industries, such as building facades and window frames. The oxides and sulfates are the most useful compounds of aluminium. Despite its prevalence in the environment, no living organism is known to use aluminium salts metabolically, but aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals. Because of these salts' abundance, the potential for a biological role for them is of continuing interest, and studies continue.

North American Special Aluminum Alloy
type: Concept
alternative label: NASAAC
broader: Base Metal
definition: Aluminium alloy conforming to the LME NA380.1 specification which is a modification of The Aluminium Association Inc. A380.1 specification (1989). The alloy has a composition of 8.50%-9.50% Si, 3.00%-3.50% Cu, 0.80%-1.00% Fe, a maximum of 3.00% Zn, a maximum of 1.80% sludge (Fe + 2Mn + 3Cr), a maximum of 0.50% Ni, a maximum of 0.45% Mn, a maximum of 0.10% Mg, Sn, Pb, Ti, and Cr each.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103025

Zinc
type: Concept
broader: Base Metal
definition: Slightly brittle metal at room temperature, blue-silvery appearance when oxidation is removed.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103030

Nickel
type: Concept
broader: Base Metal
definition: Silvery-white, hard, ductile, lustrous transition metal with a slight golden tinge.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103040
note: Nickel is one of four elements (the others are iron, cobalt, and gadolinium) that are ferromagnetic at approximately room temperature. About 68% of world production is used in stainless steel. A further 10% is used for nickel-based and copper-based alloys, 7% for alloy steels, 3% in foundries, 9% in plating and 4% in other applications, including the fast-growing battery sector, including those in electric vehicles (EVs). As a compound, nickel has a number of niche chemical manufacturing uses, such as a catalyst for hydrogenation, cathodes for batteries, pigments and metal surface treatments. Nickel is an essential nutrient for some microorganisms and plants that have enzymes with nickel as an active site.

Tin
type: Concept
broader: Base Metal
definition: Silvery metal that characteristically has a faint yellow hue, soft enough to be cut without much force
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103050
note: Obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains stannic oxide, SnO2. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element on Earth and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table, thanks to its magic number of protons. It has two main allotropes: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is beta-tin, a silvery-white, malleable metal, but at low temperatures, it transforms into the less dense grey alpha-tin, which has the diamond cubic structure. Metallic tin does not easily oxidize in air. Tin is used in many alloys, most notably tin / lead soft solders, which are typically 60% or more tin, and in the manufacture of transparent, electrically conducting films of indium tin oxide in optoelectronic applications. Another large application for tin is corrosion-resistant tin plating of steel. Because of the low toxicity of inorganic tin, tin-plated steel is widely used for food packaging as tin cans. However, some organotin compounds can be almost as toxic as cyanide.

Lead
type: Concept
broader: Base Metal
definition: Heavy, soft, malleable, and relatively unreactive post-transition metal with a relatively low melting point, silvery with a hint of blue when freshly cut, tarnishes to a dull grey when exposed to air.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103060
note: Lead's weak metallic character is illustrated by its amphoteric nature; lead and lead oxides react with acids and bases, and it tends to form covalent bonds. Compounds of lead are usually found in the +2 oxidation state rather than the +4 state common with lighter members of the carbon group. Exceptions are mostly limited to organolead compounds. Like the lighter members of the group, lead tends to bond with itself; it can form chains and polyhedral structures. Lead's high density, low melting point, ductility and relative inertness to oxidation make it useful. These properties, combined with its relative abundance and low cost, resulted in its extensive use in construction, plumbing, batteries, bullets and shot, weights, solders, pewters, fusible alloys, white paints, leaded gasoline, and radiation shielding.

Titanium
type: Concept
broader: Base Metal
definition: Traded almost exclusively as titanium dioxide. Lustrous transition metal with a silver colour, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103070
note: Occurs within a number of mineral deposits, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere; it is found in almost all living things, as well as bodies of water, rocks, and soils. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll and Hunter processes. The most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a component of smoke screens and catalysts; and titanium trichloride (TiCl3), which is used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene. Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, and molybdenum, among other elements, to produce strong, lightweight alloys for aerospace (jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft), military, industrial processes (chemicals and petrochemicals, desalination plants, pulp, and paper), automotive, agriculture (farming), medical prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental and endodontic instruments and files, dental implants, sporting goods, jewelry, mobile phones, and other applications. The two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and strength-to-density ratio, the highest of any metallic element. In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as some steels, but less dense.

Ferrous Metal
type: Concept
broader: Hards
definition: Iron and iron-related metals, or alloys that contain iron or iron-related metals, such as steel or pig iron.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 1035

Pig Iron
type: Concept
broader: Ferrous Metal
definition: Obtained by smelting iron ore in a blast furnace as intermediate product in the production of steel.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103510

Steel
type: Concept
broader: Ferrous Metal
definition: Alloy of iron with typically a few percent of carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance, or 11% of chromium to produce corrosion and oxidation resistant stainless steel.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103520
note: Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances, and weapons. Iron is the base metal of steel and it can take on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms): body centred cubic and face-centred cubic. These forms depend on temperature. In the body-centred cubic arrangement, there is an iron atom in the centre and eight atoms at the vertices of each cubic unit cell; in the face-centred cubic, there is one atom at the centre of each of the six faces of the cubic unit cell and eight atoms at its vertices. It is the interaction of the allotropes of iron with the alloying elements, primarily carbon, that gives steel and cast iron their range of unique properties.

Iron Ore
type: Concept
broader: Ferrous Metal
definition: Rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark grey, bright yellow, or deep purple to rusty red. The iron is usually found in the form of magnetite (Fe3O4, 72.4% Fe), hematite (Fe2O3, 69.9% Fe), goethite (FeO(OH), 62.9% Fe), limonite (FeO(OH)·n(H2O), 55% Fe) or siderite (FeCO3, 48.2% Fe).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103530
note: Ores containing very high quantities of hematite or magnetite (greater than about 60% iron) are known as "natural ore" or "direct shipping ore", meaning they can be fed directly into iron-making blast furnaces. Iron ore is the raw material used to make pig iron, which is one of the main raw materials to make steel---98% of the mined iron ore is used to make steel. In 2011 the Financial Times has speculated that iron ore is "more integral to the global economy than any other commodity, except perhaps oil.

Ferrous Scrap
type: Concept
broader: Ferrous Metal
definition: Iron and steel scrap from automobiles, trains, ships, bridges, buildings, railway rails and fasteners, or farming equipment.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103535
note: Ferrous scrap is the most recycled material in the world. The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that 65 million metric tons of iron and steel scrap was processed around the world in 2016. Ferrous scrap comes from many consumer products like automobiles or household appliances, or from industrial structures and equipment such as buildings, railroads, trains, bridges, ships, and farming equipment.

Bauxite
type: Concept
broader: Ferrous Metal
definition: Sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content. The world's main source of aluminium and gallium. Used as flux in blast furnaces for smelting.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103540

Manganese
type: Concept
broader: Ferrous Metal
definition: Hard, brittle, silvery transition metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. Alloys are used in stainless steels. It improves strength, workability, and resistance to wear.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103550
note: Manganese oxide is used as an oxidising agent; as a rubber additive; and in glass making, fertilisers, and ceramics. Manganese sulfate can be used as a fungicide.

Molybdenum
type: Concept
broader: Ferrous Metal
definition: Silvery metal with a grey cast.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103560
note: Molybdenum does not occur naturally as a free metal on Earth; it is found only in various oxidation states in minerals. As free element molybdenum has the sixth-highest melting point of any element. It readily forms hard, stable carbides in alloys, and for this reason most of world production of the element (about 80%) is used in steel alloys, including high-strength alloys and superalloys.

Chromium
type: Concept
broader: Ferrous Metal
definition: Main additive in stainless steel adding anti-corrosive properties.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 103570
note: Chromium is also highly valued as a metal that is able to be highly polished while resisting tarnishing. Polished chromium reflects almost 70% of the visible spectrum, with almost 90% of infrared light being reflected.

Rare Metal
type: Concept
broader: Hards
definition: Metals that are not abundant and mostly extracted as a by-product.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 1040

Uranium
type: Concept
broader: Rare Metal
definition: Uranium oxide or Uranium fluoride, extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 104010
note: Uranium-235 is the only naturally occurring fissile isotope, which makes it widely used in nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons. However, because of the tiny amounts found in nature, uranium needs to undergo enrichment so that enough uranium-235 is present. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is studied for future industrial use in nuclear technology. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating. Uranium is used as a colorant in uranium glass, producing lemon yellow to green colors. Uranium glass fluoresces green in ultraviolet light. It was also used for tinting and shading in early photography.

Cobalt
type: Concept
broader: Rare Metal
definition: Cobalt 99.8%, cobalt standard grade, cobalt alloy grade, cobalt hydroxide 0%, cobalt sulfate 20.5%, or cobalt tetroxide 72.6%.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 104020
note: Cobalt is primarily used in lithium-ion batteries, and in the manufacture of magnetic, wear-resistant and high-strength alloys. The compounds cobalt silicate and cobalt(II) aluminate (CoAl2O4, cobalt blue) give a distinctive deep blue color to glass, ceramics, inks, paints and varnishes. Cobalt occurs naturally as only one stable isotope, cobalt-59. Cobalt-60 is a commercially important radioisotope, used as a radioactive tracer and for the production of high-energy gamma rays.

Lithium
type: Concept
broader: Rare Metal
definition: Lithium carbonate 99%, or Lithium hydroxide monohydrate 56.5%.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 104030
note: Lithium and its compounds have several industrial applications, including heat-resistant glass and ceramics, lithium grease lubricants, flux additives for iron, steel and aluminium production, lithium batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. These uses consume more than three-quarters of lithium production.

Bismuth
type: Concept
broader: Rare Metal
definition: Bismuth 99.99% extracted from ores containing bismuth oxide or sulfide
in scheme: comcat
notation: 104040
note: It is a brittle metal with a silvery white color when freshly produced, but surface oxidation can give it an iridescent tinge in numerous colours. Bismuth is the most naturally diamagnetic element, and has one of the lowest values of thermal conductivity among metals.

Tungsten
type: Concept
broader: Rare Metal
definition: Tungsten extracted from tungsten concentrate or tungsten(VI) oxide (WO3)
in scheme: comcat
notation: 104050
note: It is remarkable for its robustness, especially the fact that it has the highest melting point of all known elements, melting at 3,695 K. It also has the highest boiling point, at 6203 K. Its density is 19.254 g/cm3, comparable with that of uranium and gold, and much higher (about 1.7 times) than that of lead. Polycrystalline tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material (under standard conditions, when uncombined), making it difficult to work into metal. However, pure single-crystalline tungsten is more ductile and can be cut with a hard-steel hacksaw.

Softs
type: Concept
definition: Soft commodities, or softs, are commodities that, generally, are grown, rather than mined. Furthermore, softs in this concept scheme are primarily for consumption, i.e. distinct from Materials.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20
top concept of: comcat

Cereals
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Any grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain. Cereal grain crops are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop and are therefore staple crops. Edible grains from other plant families, such as buckwheat, quinoa and chia, are referred to as pseudocereals.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2010

Maize
type: Concept
alternative label: Corn
broader: Cereals
definition: Cereal grain with a leafy stalk that produces pollen inflorescences and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 201010
note: Maize has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total production of maize surpassing that of wheat or rice. In addition to being consumed directly by humans (often in the form of masa), maize is also used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other maize products, such as corn starch and corn syrup.

Rice
type: Concept
broader: Cereals
definition: Seed of the grass species Oryza glaberrima (African rice) or Oryza sativa (Asian rice).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 201020
note: As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia and Africa. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production (rice, 741.5 million tonnes in 2014), after sugarcane (1.9 billion tonnes) and maize (1.0 billion tonnes).

Wheat
type: Concept
broader: Cereals
definition: Cereal grain in the genus Triticum; the most widely grown is common wheat (T. aestivum).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 201030

Durum
type: Concept
alternative label: Pasta Wheat
broader: Cereals
definition: Tetraploid species of wheat, second most cultivated species of wheat after common wheat, predominant wheat of the Middle East.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 201035
note: Durum in Latin means "hard", and the species is the hardest of all wheats. This refers to the resistance of the grain to milling, in particular of the starchy endosperm, implying dough made from its flour is weak or "soft". This makes durum favorable for semolina and pasta and less practical for flour, which requires more work than with hexaploid wheats like common bread wheats. Despite its high protein content, durum is not a strong wheat in the sense of giving strength to dough through the formation of a gluten network. Durum contains 27% extractable wet gluten, about 3% higher than in common wheat (T. aestivum L.).

Barley
type: Concept
broader: Cereals
definition: Major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally; Hordeum vulgare, a member of the grass family.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 201040
note: Barley has been used as animal fodder, as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various health foods. It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into malt in a traditional and ancient method of preparation. In 2017, barley was ranked fourth among grains in quantity produced (149 million tonnes) behind maize, rice and wheat.

Oats
type: Concept
broader: Cereals
definition: Cereal grain in the Avena genus (Avena sativa).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 201050
note: While oats are suitable for human consumption as oatmeal and oat milk, one of the most common uses is as livestock feed. Oats are associated with lower blood cholesterol when consumed regularly.

Sorghum
type: Concept
broader: Cereals
definition: Grain of an annual cereal, some cultivars are perennial, in the Sorghum genus ranging from 2 to 4 mm in diameter.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 201060
note: Primarily grown for forage, syrup production, and ethanol. The leading producers of S. bicolor in 2011 were Nigeria (12.6%), India (11.2%), Mexico (11.2%), and the United States (10.0%). Sorghum grows in a wide range of temperatures, high altitudes, and toxic soils, and can recover growth after some drought. It has five features that make it one of the most drought-resistant crops: - It has a very large root-to-leaf surface area ratio. - In times of drought, it rolls its leaves to lessen water loss by transpiration. - If drought continues, it goes into dormancy rather than dying. - Its leaves are protected by a waxy cuticle. - It uses C4 carbon fixation thus using only a third the amount of water that C3 plants require.

Pearl Millet
type: Concept
alternative label: Bajra
alternative label: Kambu
alternative label: Sajjey
broader: Cereals
definition: Grain of Pennisetum glaucum, ovoid, of 3-4 mm length, nearly white, pale yellow, brown, grey, slate blue or purple.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 201065
note: Pearl millet is well adapted to growing areas characterized by drought, low soil fertility, and high temperature. It performs well in soils with high salinity or low pH. Because of its tolerance to difficult growing conditions, it can be grown in areas where other cereal crops, such as maize or wheat, would not survive. Pearl millet is a summer annual crop well-suited for double cropping and rotations.

Rye
type: Concept
broader: Cereals
definition: Grain of the cereal of the Triticeae tribe in the Secale genus.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 201070
note: Rye grain is used for flour, bread, beer, crispbread, some whiskeys, some vodkas, and animal fodder. It can also be eaten whole, either as boiled rye berries or by being rolled, similar to rolled oats.

Triticale
type: Concept
broader: Cereals
definition: Hybrid of wheat (female) and rye (male).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 201075
note: Almost always a second-generation hybrid, i.e., a cross between two kinds of primary (first-cross) triticales. As a rule, triticale combines the yield potential and grain quality of wheat with the disease and environmental tolerance (including soil conditions) of rye. Only recently has it been developed into a commercially viable crop. Grown mostly for forage or fodder, although some triticale-based foods can be purchased at health food stores and can be found in some breakfast cereals. The primary producers of triticale are Poland, Germany, Belarus, France and Russia. In 2014, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 17.1 million tons were harvested in 37 countries across the world. The triticale hybrids are all amphidiploid, which means the plant is diploid for two genomes derived from different species. In other words, triticale is an allotetraploid. In earlier years, most work was done on octoploid triticale. Different ploidy levels have been created and evaluated over time. The tetraploids showed little promise, but hexaploid triticale was successful enough to find commercial application. The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center triticale improvement program was intended to improve food production and nutrition in developing countries. Triticale was thought to have potential in the production of bread and other food products, such as cookies, pasta, pizza dough and breakfast cereals. The protein content is higher than that of wheat, although the glutenin fraction is less. The grain has also been stated to have higher levels of lysine than wheat. Acceptance would require the milling industry to adapt to triticale, as the milling techniques employed for wheat are unsuited to triticale. Past research indicated that triticale could be used as a feed grain and, particularly, later research found that its starch is readily digested. As a feed grain, triticale is already well established and of high economic importance. It has received att…

Grain Inter Spread
type: Concept
broader: Cereals
definition: Intercommodity spread between grains, or grains and oilseeds.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 201080

Other Cereals and Pseudocereals
type: Concept
broader: Cereals
definition: Cereals and grains of minor economic importance.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 201090

Buckwheat
type: Concept
broader: Other Cereals and Pseudocereals
definition: Grain-like seeds of a pseudocereal in the genus Fagopyrum.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20109010
note: Buckwheat is referred to as a pseudocereal because its seeds' culinary use is the same as cereals', owing to their composition of complex carbohydrates.

Quinoa
type: Concept
broader: Other Cereals and Pseudocereals
definition: Seeds of a flowering plant in the amaranth family.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20109020
note: The seeds are rich in protein, dietary fiber, B vitamins, and dietary minerals in amounts greater than in many grains. Quinoa is not a grass, but rather a pseudocereal botanically related to spinach and amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), and originated in the Andean region of northwestern South America. It was first used to feed livestock 5.2-7.0 thousand years ago, and for human consumption-4 thousand years ago in the Lake Titicaca basin of Peru and Bolivia. Today, almost all production in the Andean region is done by small farms and associations. Its cultivation has spread to more than 70 countries, including Kenya, India, the United States, and several European countries. As a result of increased popularity and consumption in North America, Europe, and Australasia, quinoa crop prices tripled between 2006 and 2014.

Oil-Bearing Crops
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Plants that are grown primarily for their oil. The oil may be used for cooking, as food additives, or processed into oleochemicals, e.g. as a substitute for petroleum-based fuels. Some may be also used for cosmetics, medical purposes, wood finishing, oil painting and other industrial purposes.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2020

Soybeans
type: Concept
broader: Oil-Bearing Crops
definition: Beans of Glycine max, a species of legume native to East Asia.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202010
note: Traditional unfermented food uses of soybeans include soy milk, from which tofu and tofu skin are made. Fermented soy foods include soy sauce, fermented bean paste, natto, and tempeh. Fat-free (defatted) soybean meal is a significant and cheap source of protein for animal feeds and many packaged meals. For example, soybean products, such as textured vegetable protein (TVP), are ingredients in many meat and dairy substitutes. Soy beans contain significant amounts of phytic acid, dietary minerals and B vitamins. Soy vegetable oil, used in food and industrial applications, is another product of processing the soybean crop. Soybean is the most important protein source for feed farm animals (that in turn yields animal protein for human consumption).

Rapeseed
type: Concept
alternative label: Canola
broader: Oil-Bearing Crops
definition: Seed of rapeseed (Brassica napus subsp. napus), a bright-yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family)
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202020
note: The seed naturally contains appreciable amounts of toxic erucic acid. Canola are a group of rapeseed cultivars which were bred to have very low levels of erucic acid and are especially prized for use for human and animal food. Rapeseed is the third-largest source of vegetable oil and second-largest source of protein meal in the world.

Oil Palm Fruit
type: Concept
broader: Oil-Bearing Crops
definition: Fruit of oil palms in the Elaeis genus
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202030
note: The species is also now naturalised in Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, Central America, Cambodia, the West Indies, and several islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The closely related American oil palm Elaeis oleifera and a more distantly related palm, Attalea maripa, are also used to produce palm oil. Oil palms can produce much more oil per unit of land area than most other oil-producing plants (about nine time more than soy, and 4.5 times more than rapeseed).

Coconuts
type: Concept
broader: Oil-Bearing Crops
definition: Drupe of the trees in the Cocos genus.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202035
note: Trees grow up to 30 m (100 ft) tall and can yield up to 75 fruits per year, though fewer than 30 is more typical. Plants are intolerant of cold weather and prefer copious precipitation, as well as full sunlight. Many insect pests and diseases affect the species and are a nuisance for commercial production. About 75% of the world's supply of coconuts is produced by Indonesia, the Philippines, and India combined.

Cottonseed
type: Concept
broader: Oil-Bearing Crops
definition: Seed of the cotton plant. This includes seeds with the attached lint.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202040

Groundnuts
type: Concept
broader: Oil-Bearing Crops
definition: Seed of the plant Arachis hypogaea
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202050
note: Widely grown in the tropics and subtropics, being important to both small and large commercial producers. In botany, it is classified as both a grain legume and, due to its high oil content, an oil crop.

Oilseed Inter Spread
type: Concept
broader: Oil-Bearing Crops
definition: Intercommodity spread between two oilseeds.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202080

Crush Spread
type: Concept
broader: Oil-Bearing Crops
definition: Spread between an oilseed and its oil or meal/cake.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202085

Other Rosid Seeds
type: Concept
broader: Oil-Bearing Crops
definition: Members of a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants making up more than a quarter of all angiosperms with their about 70,000 species.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202090

Melonseed
type: Concept
alternative label: Egusi
broader: Other Rosid Seeds
definition: Seed of certain cucurbitaceous plants (squash, melon, gourd).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20209010
note: Authorities disagree whether the word is used more properly for the seeds of the colocynth, those of a particular large-seeded variety of the watermelon, or generically for those of any cucurbitaceous plant. The characteristics and uses of all these seeds are broadly similar. Major egusi-growing nations include Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, Benin, Nigeria, and Cameroon. Species from which egusi is derived include Cucumeropsis mannii and Citrullus lanatus.

Castor Beans
type: Concept
broader: Other Rosid Seeds
definition: Seed of a species of perennial flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20209020
note: Castor is indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean Basin, Eastern Africa, and India, but is widespread throughout tropical regions (and widely grown elsewhere as an ornamental plant). Castor seed is the source of castor oil, which has a wide variety of uses. The seeds contain between 40% and 60% oil that is rich in triglycerides, mainly ricinolein. The seed also contains ricin, a water-soluble toxin, which is also present in lower concentrations throughout the plant.

Tung Nuts
type: Concept
broader: Other Rosid Seeds
definition: Fruit of Vernicia fordii, usually known as the tung tree, a species of Vernicia in the spurge family.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20209030
note: The tree is native to southern China, Burma, and northern Vietnam. It is a hard, woody pear-shaped berry 4 to 6 cm long and 3 to 5 cm in diameter, containing four or five large, oily seeds. The tung nut is green initially, becoming dull brown when it is ripe in autumn. Tung oil, or China wood oil, is extracted from the nut. Global production of the fruit rose from just over 100,000 tonnes in 1970 to almost 200,000 tonnes by 1980. Fruit yields are typically in the range of 4.5 to 5 tonnes per hectare. A number of cultivars have been selected for increased yield and small tree size, including 'Folsom', 'Cahl', 'Isabel', 'La Crosser', and 'Lampton'.

Mustard Seed
type: Concept
broader: Other Rosid Seeds
definition: Small round seeds of various mustard plants, e.g. black mustard (Brassica nigra), brown Indian mustard (B. juncea), or white/yellow mustard (B. hirta/Sinapis alba).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20209040
note: Mustard seeds are a rich source of oil and protein. The seed has oil as high as 46-48%, and whole seed meal has 43.6% protein. Grinding and mixing the seeds with water, vinegar or other liquids creates the yellow condiment known as prepared mustard.

Tallowtree Seeds
type: Concept
broader: Other Rosid Seeds
definition: Seeds of Triadica sebifera as well as Triadica cochinchinensis.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20209050
note: Tallowtree is native to eastern China and Taiwan. It is commonly called Chinese tallow, Chinese tallowtree, Florida aspen, chicken tree, gray popcorn tree, or candleberry tree. It is relevant to biodiesel production because it is the third most productive vegetable oil producing crop in the world, after algae and oil palm. The leaves are used as herbal medicine to treat boils.

Linseed
type: Concept
broader: Other Rosid Seeds
definition: Seed of the flax plant.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20209060
note: Depending on the sort they are brown or yellow in colour, taste nutty and contain about 40% oil.

Hempseed
type: Concept
broader: Other Rosid Seeds
definition: Seed of Cannabis sativa.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20209065

Kapok Fruit
type: Concept
broader: Other Asterid Seeds
definition: Fruit of Ceiba pentandra, a tropical tree of the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20209070
note: The tree is native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, northern South America, and (as the variety Ceiba pentandra var guineensis) West Africa. A somewhat smaller variety was introduced to South and Southeast Asia, where it is cultivated. The fruit is famous for its cottonlike seed fibre, known as Java cotton. Its seeds are used to press a vegetable oil. The oil has a yellow colour and a pleasant, mild odour and taste, resembling cottonseed oil. It becomes rancid quickly when exposed to air. Kapok oil is produced in India, Indonesia and Malaysia. The oil has some potential as a biofuel and in paint preparation.

Other Asterid Seeds
type: Concept
broader: Oil-Bearing Crops
definition: Members of the largest group of flowering plant with more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202095

Sunflower Seed
type: Concept
broader: Other Asterid Seeds
definition: Fruit of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus). There are three types of commonly used sunflower seeds: linoleic (most common), high oleic, and sunflower oil seeds.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20209510
note: For commercial purposes, sunflower seeds are usually classified by the pattern on their husks. If the husk is solid black, the seeds are called black oil sunflower seeds. The crops may be referred to as oilseed sunflower crops. Striped sunflower seeds are primarily eaten as a snack food; as a result, they may be called confectionery sunflower seeds. The term "sunflower seed" is actually a misnomer when applied to the seed in its pericarp (hull). Botanically speaking, it is a cypsela. When dehulled, the edible remainder is called the sunflower kernel or heart.

Olives
type: Concept
broader: Other Asterid Seeds
definition: Fruit of the olive tree, Olea europaea, an evergreen tree or shrub native to Mediterranean Europe, Asia, and Africa.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20209520
note: The species is cultivated in all the countries of the Mediterranean, as well as South America, South Africa, China, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, and the United States. Olea europaea is the type species for the genus Olea.

Safflower Seed
type: Concept
broader: Other Asterid Seeds
definition: Safflower seed is the seed of Carthamus tinctorius, a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual plant in the family Asteraceae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20209530
note: In 2020, global production of safflower seeds was 653,030 tonnes, led by Kazakhstan with 35% of the world total. Other significant producers were Russia and Mexico, with 28% of world production combined.

Sesame Seed
type: Concept
broader: Other Asterid Seeds
definition: Seed of Sesamum indicum.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20209535
note: In 2020, world production of sesame seeds was 7 million metric tons (6,900,000 long tons; 7,700,000 short tons), led by Sudan, Myanmar, and Tanzania. The white and other lighter-coloured sesame seeds are common in Europe, the Americas, West Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. The black and darker-coloured sesame seeds are mostly produced in China and Southeast Asia. In the United States most sesame is raised by farmers under contract to Sesaco, which also supplies proprietary seed. Japan is the world's largest sesame importer. China is the second-largest importer of sesame, mostly oil-grade. China exports lower-priced food-grade sesame seeds, particularly to Southeast Asia. Other major importers are United States, Canada, Netherlands, Turkey, and France.

Karite Nuts
type: Concept
alternative label: Shea Nuts
broader: Other Asterid Seeds
definition: Seed of Butyrospermum parkii.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20209540
note: The tree that can get up to 300 years old. After 20 years it blooms for the first time and carries fruits, after 50 years it will carry an anual yield of about 20 kg of fruits. Farming and processing the fruit is traditionally done by hand. The falling shea fruits are collected from the savanna ground. They are then separated from the pulp, cleaned, and left out in the sun to dry. After a few days the nuts are cracked open, and the kernels are removed and dried bagain before the fat extraction can begin.

Other Oilseeds
type: Concept
broader: Oil-Bearing Crops
definition: Any other oil seeds
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202099

Poppy Seed
type: Concept
broader: Other Oilseeds
definition: Seed obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20209910

Jojoba
type: Concept
alternative label: Goat Nut
broader: Other Oilseeds
definition: Seed of Simmondsia chinensis.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20209920
note: The shrub is native to the Southwestern United States. Jojoba is normally harvested by hand because seeds do not all mature in the same time. Yield is around 3.5 t/ha depending on the age of the plantation.

Vegetal Oils and Fats
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Vegetal oils and fats are extractions from the seed or other parts of fruits. They are mixtures of triglycerides, usually liquid at room temperature, and usually edible.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2025

Oil of Soybeans
type: Concept
broader: Vegetal Oils and Fats
definition: Vegetal oil extracted from the seeds of the soybean (Glycine max).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202510

Oil of Rapeseed
type: Concept
broader: Vegetal Oils and Fats
definition: Vegetal oil derived from a variety of rapeseed.
in scheme: comcat
narrow match: Q697248
narrow match: Q98841400
notation: 202520
note: The oil's specific gravity varies between 0.9/12 and 0.920. The cake left after extraction of the oil is a valuable feed ingredient for pigs.

Oil of Palm
type: Concept
alternative label: CPO
alternative label: Crude Palm Oil
broader: Vegetal Oils and Fats
definition: Vegetal oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202530

Processed Oil of Palm
type: Concept
broader: Vegetal Oils and Fats
definition: Crude palm oil that has undergone some or all processes of refinement (neutralisation, bleaching, dewaxing, deodourising, fractionation, degumming). The PORAM standard specifies qualities and properties.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202531

RBD Palm Olein
type: Concept
broader: Processed Oil of Palm
definition: Liquid fraction of crude palm oil that is then bleached, degummed, and deodourised.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20253110

Palm Stearin
type: Concept
broader: Processed Oil of Palm
definition: Solid fraction of palm oil that is produced by partial crystallisation at controlled temperature.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20253120

Palm Acid Oil
type: Concept
broader: Processed Oil of Palm
definition: By-product of neutralising crude palm oil.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20253130

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate
type: Concept
alternative label: PFAD
broader: Processed Oil of Palm
definition: Fatty acids removed from CPO during RBD production.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20253135

Oil of Palm Kernel
type: Concept
alternative label: CPKO
broader: Vegetal Oils and Fats
definition: Oil derived from the kernel of the fruit of oil palms.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202532

Processed Oil of Palm Kernel
type: Concept
broader: Vegetal Oils and Fats
definition: Crude palm kernel oil that has undergone some or all processes of refinement (neutralisation, bleaching, dewaxing, deodourising, fractionation, degumming). The PORAM standard specifies qualities and properties.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202533

RBD Palm Kernel Oil
type: Concept
alternative label: RBDPKO
broader: Processed Oil of Palm
definition: Liquid fraction of crude palm kernel oil that is then bleached, degummed, and deodourised.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20253310

Palm Kernel Stearin
type: Concept
broader: Processed Oil of Palm
definition: Solid fraction of palm kernel oil that is produced by partial crystallisation at controlled temperature.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20253320

Palm Kernel Acid Oil
type: Concept
broader: Processed Oil of Palm
definition: By-product of neutralising crude palm kernel oil.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20253330

Palm Kernel Fatty Acid Distillate
type: Concept
alternative label: PKFAD
broader: Processed Oil of Palm
definition: Fatty acids removed from CPKO during RBDPKO production.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20253335

Oil of Coconuts
type: Concept
alternative label: Oil of Copra
broader: Vegetal Oils and Fats
definition: Oil extracted from the kernel or meat of mature coconuts.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202535

Oil of Cottonseed
type: Concept
broader: Vegetal Oils and Fats
definition: Oil from the seeds of cotton plants of various species, mainly Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium herbaceum.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202540

Oil of Groundnuts
type: Concept
broader: Vegetal Oils and Fats
definition: Vegetal oil derived from groundnuts.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202550

Other Rosid Oils
type: Concept
broader: Vegetal Oils and Fats
definition: Oil of oil seeds of the rosid clade
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202590

Melon Seed Oil
type: Concept
alternative label: Ootanga Oil
broader: Other Rosid Oils
definition: Oil extracted by pressing the seeds of the Citrullus lanatus (watermelon).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259010

Oil of Castor Beans
type: Concept
broader: Other Rosid Oils
definition: Vegetal oil pressed from castor beans.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259020
note: Castor oil and its derivatives are used in the manufacturing of soaps, lubricants, hydraulic and brake fluids, paints, dyes, coatings, inks, cold-resistant plastics, waxes and polishes, nylon, and perfumes.

Hydrogenated Castor Oil
type: Concept
broader: Other Rosid Oils
definition: Oil made from castor oil by hydrogenation. The process saturates the alkenes, giving a waxy lubricant.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259025

Oil of Tung Nuts
type: Concept
alternative label: China wood oil
broader: Other Rosid Oils
definition: Oil obtained by pressing the seed from the nut of the tung tree (Vernicia fordii).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259030
note: Tung oil hardens upon exposure to air (through polymerization), and the resulting coating is transparent and has a deep, almost wet look. Used mostly for finishing and protecting wood, after numerous coats, the finish can even look plastic-like. Related drying oils include linseed, safflower, poppy, and soybean oils.

Oil of Mustard Seed
type: Concept
broader: Other Rosid Oils
definition: Oil pressed from mustard seeds. Sale is restricted in some countries due to high levels of erucic acid.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259040
note: Oil makes up about 30% of the mustard seeds. It can be produced from black mustard (Brassica nigra), brown Indian mustard (B. juncea), and white mustard (B. hirta). Mustard oil has about 60% monounsaturated fatty acids (42% erucic acid and 12% oleic acid); it has about 21% polyunsaturated fats (6% the omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid and 15% the omega-6 linoleic acid), and it has about 12% saturated fats.

Stillingia Tallow
type: Concept
alternative label: Chinese Vegetable Tallow
broader: Other Rosid Oils
definition: Fatty substance extracted from the coat of the seeds of Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallow tree) or Triadica cochinchinensis (Mountain tallow tree).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259050
note: Stillingia tallow is essentially a mixture of triglycerides (esters of glycerol and fatty acids). The main triglycerides are glicerotriyl tripalmitate (5-30%) and 2-oleate,1,3-dipalmitate (~70%).

Stillingia Oil
type: Concept
broader: Other Rosid Oils
definition: Oil extracted (by solvents) from the seeds of plants of the Triadica genus such as Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallow tree) and Triadica cochinchinensis (Mountain tallow tree).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259052
note: It is a drying oil used in paints and varnishes, and it is believed to be toxic in China. Stillingia oil is different from stillingia tallow, a fatty substance that surround the seeds in the fruit, which is removed before extracting the oil. Stillingia oil has a typical drying time of 4-6 hours. The seeds produce 20-30% w/w of tallow fat and 10-17% w/w of stillingia oil. It has iodine number 127, a saponification value of 206, and a thiocyanogen value of 100.7.

Oil of Linseed
type: Concept
broader: Other Rosid Oils
definition: Oil obtained from the dried, ripened seeds of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum) by pressing, sometimes followed by solvent extraction.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259060

Oil of Hempseed
type: Concept
broader: Other Rosid Oils
definition: Oil obtained by pressing hemp seeds.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259065
note: The oil has a 3:1 ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids. It may also be used as a feedstock for the large-scale production of biodiesel. About 49% of the weight of hempseed is an edible oil that contains 76% as polyunsaturated fat, including omega-6 fatty acids such as linoleic acid (LA, 54%) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 3%), and omega-3 fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 17%) and stearidonic acid (2%). Both LA and ALA are essential fatty acids. In addition, hempseed oil contains 5% to 11% monounsaturated fat and 5% to 7% saturated fat. In common with other oils and fats, hemp seed oil provides 9 kcal/g.

Oil of Kapok
type: Concept
broader: Other Asterid Oils
definition: Vegetal oil extracted from kapok seeds by pressing.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259070

Other Asterid Oils
type: Concept
broader: Vegetal Oils and Fats
definition: Oil of oil seeds of the asterid clade.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202595

Oil of Sunflower
type: Concept
broader: Other Asterid Oils
definition: Oil pressed from the seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259510
note: Sunflower oil is primarily composed of linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fat, and oleic acid, a monounsaturated fat. Through selective breeding and manufacturing processes, oils of differing proportions of the fatty acids are produced. The expressed oil has a neutral taste profile. The oil contains a large amount of vitamin E. As of 2017, genome analysis and development of hybrid sunflowers to increase oil production are under development to meet greater consumer demand for sunflower oil and its commercial varieties. Ukraine and Russia together accounted for 53% of the world's production of sunflower oil in 2018.

Virgin Oil of Olives
type: Concept
broader: Other Asterid Oils
definition: Oil obtained from olives (the fruit of Olea europaea; family Oleaceae) produced by pressing whole olives.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259520
note: The top five producers of olive oil by volume are Spain, Italy, Tunisia, Greece and Turkey. Per capita consumption is highest in Greece, followed by Italy and Spain. The composition of olive oil varies with the cultivar, altitude, time of harvest and extraction process. It consists mainly of oleic acid (up to 83%), with smaller amounts of other fatty acids including linoleic acid (up to 21%) and palmitic acid (up to 20%). Extra virgin olive oil is required to have no more than 0.8% free acidity and is considered to have favorable flavor characteristics.

Oil of Olive Cake
type: Concept
broader: Other Asterid Oils
definition: Oil made from the olive cake left after the virgin pressing.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259525

Oil of Safflower Seed
type: Concept
broader: Other Asterid Oils
definition: Oil made from the achenes of safflower by either cold pressing the seeds (for a cooking oil) or hot pressing the seeds yields (for an industrial oil).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259530

Oil of Sesame Seed
type: Concept
broader: Other Asterid Oils
definition: Oil derived from sesame seeds.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259535
note: Industrial uses include solvents in injected drugs, as a carrier oil in cosmetics, or as a coating for stored grains to prevent weevil attacks.

Butter of Karite Nuts
type: Concept
alternative label: Shea Butter
broader: Other Asterid Oils
definition: Fat extracted from the nut of the African shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259540
note: The primary export market for shea butter is in the chocolate and confectionery industry. However, shea is also used as a cooking fat, food accompaniment and skin-care product in West Africa.

Oil of Mentha
type: Concept
broader: Other Asterid Oils
definition: Oil extracted from the leaves of the Mentha plant.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259550

Other Vegetal Oils
type: Concept
broader: Vegetal Oils and Fats
definition: Any other vegetal oils.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202599

Oil of Poppy Seed
type: Concept
broader: Other Vegetal Oils
definition: Oil extracted from poppy seeds (specifically seeds of Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259910
note: Poppy seeds yield 45-50% oil. Compared to other vegetable oils, poppyseed oil has a moderate amount of phytosterols: higher than soybean oil and peanut oil, lower than safflower oil, sesame oil, wheat germ oil, corn oil, and rice bran oil. It has little or no odor and a pleasant taste, and it is less likely than some other oils to become rancid.

Jojoba Oil
type: Concept
broader: Other Vegetal Oils
definition: Oil extracted from Jojoba seeds.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259920

Oil of Rice Bran
type: Concept
broader: Other Vegetal Oils
definition: Oil extracted from the hard outer brown layer of rice called chaff (rice husk).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259980

Oil of Maize
type: Concept
alternative label: Corn Oil
broader: Other Vegetal Oils
definition: Oil extracted from the germ of maize.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20259981

Vegetal Cakes and Meals
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Vegetal cakes are made of the residue left after oil extraction. Meal is produced when the cakes are treated hydrothermally.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2026

Cake and Meal of Soybeans
type: Concept
broader: Vegetal Cakes and Meals
definition: Residue of soybean oil extraction.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202610
note: Typically 1 bushel (i.e. 60 lbs. or 27.2 kg) of soybeans yields 48 lbs. (21.8 kg) of soybean meal. Some, but not all, soybean meal is produced from the residue left after oil extraction. Removal of the oil, which is used mostly in food, but also for industrial oils, soaps and biodiesel, involves crushing and either pressing or solvent extraction. Some, but not all, soybean meal contains ground soybean hulls. Soybean meal is heat-treated during production, to denature the trypsin inhibitors of soybeans, which would otherwise interfere with protein digestion.

Cake and Meal of Rapeseed
type: Concept
broader: Vegetal Cakes and Meals
definition: Residue of rapeseed oil extraction.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202620

Palm Cake and Palm Meal
type: Concept
broader: Vegetal Cakes and Meals
definition: Residue of palm oil extraction.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202630

Cake and Meal of Palm Kernel
type: Concept
alternative label: PKC
alternative label: PKM
broader: Vegetal Cakes and Meals
definition: Main by-product of the palm kernel oil extraction.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202632
note: It is a highly fibrous and medium grade protein feed, hence most suited to ruminant or rabbit feeding (Pickard, 2005). Palm kernel resulting from mechanical extraction contains 5-12% oil and solvent-extracted palm kernel meal contains 0.5-3% oil (Chin, 2001).

Cake and Meal of Cottonseed
type: Concept
broader: Vegetal Cakes and Meals
definition: Residue of cottonseed after oil extraction.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202640

Other Cake and Meal of Rosids
type: Concept
broader: Vegetal Cakes and Meals
definition: Cake and meals of oil seeds of the rosid clade
in scheme: comcat
notation: 202690

Cake and Meal of Mustard Seed
type: Concept
broader: Other Cake and Meal of Rosids
definition: Residue of mustard seeds after oil extraction.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20269040

Sugar Crops and Vegetal Sweeteners
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Crops that yield sweet-tasting soluble carbohydrates or substances that when added to food or drink impart the flavour of sweetness.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2030
note: There are two major sugar crops: sugar beets and sugar cane. However, sugar and syrups are also produced from the sap of certain species of maple trees, from sweet sorghum when cultivated explicitly for making syrup and from sugar palm. Sugar beets that are cultivated solely as a fodder crop and red or garden beets that are classified as vegetable crops are excluded from the FAO list of sugar crops. Sugar cane is a perennial grass (replanted at intervals using pieces of the cane stalks) that is cultivated mainly in the tropics. Sugar beet is an annual crop that is propagated by the seeds of the flowers. It is cultivated in cooler climates than sugar cane, mainly above the 35th parallel of the Northern Hemisphere. Both sugar beets and sugar cane have a high water content, accounting for about 75 percent of the total weight of the plants. The sugar content of sugar cane ranges from 10 to 15 percent of the total weight, while that of sugar beets is between 13 and 18 percent. The protein and fat content of both beets and cane is almost nil. Production data on sugar beets and sugar cane relate to the harvested crop, free of soil, plant tops and leaves. FAO lists three primary sugar crops. Under the name SWEETENERS, FAO includes products used for sweetening that are derived from sugar crops, cereals, fruits or milk, or that are produced by insects. This category includes a wide variety of monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and disaccharides (sucrose and saccharose). They exist either in a crystallized state as sugar, or in thick liquid form as syrups. The traditional sources of sugar are sugar cane and sugar beets. But in recent years, ever larger quantities of cereals (mainly maize) have been used to produce sweeteners derived from starch. OTHER DERIVED PRODUCTS. In addition to sugar, molasses is also obtained with various degrees of sugar content. The by-product obtained from the extraction of sugar is called bagasse in the case of sugar cane, and beet pulp in the c…

Sugar Cane
type: Concept
broader: Sugar Crops and Vegetal Sweeteners
definition: Uncut and unshredded sugar canes suitable for milling.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 203010

Cane Sugar
type: Concept
broader: Sugar Cane
definition: A non-refined, crystallized material derived from the juices of sugar-cane stalk and consisting either wholly or essentially of sucrose.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20301010

Sugar Beet
type: Concept
broader: Sugar Crops and Vegetal Sweeteners
definition: Unsliced, unwashed sugar beets suitable for diffusion.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 203020

Beet Sugar
type: Concept
broader: Sugar Beet
definition: A non-refined, crystallized material derived from the juices extracted from the root of the sugar beet and consisting either wholly or essentially of sucrose.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20302010

Other Sugar Crops
type: Concept
broader: Sugar Crops and Vegetal Sweeteners
definition: Includes minor sugar crops of local importance. In the case of saps, production is to be expressed in liquid equivalent.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 203030

Non-Centrifugal Sugar
type: Concept
broader: Cane Sugar
broader: Beet Sugar
definition: Sugar derived from sugar cane through traditional methods without centrifugation.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 203040

Raw Centrifugal Sugar
type: Concept
broader: Cane Sugar
broader: Beet Sugar
definition: Cane sugar or beet sugar processed by centrifuges. Processed further it is called Refined Sugar.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 203050

Refined Sugar
type: Concept
broader: Raw Centrifugal Sugar
definition: Centrifugal sugar where molasses have been removed, 99.7% or higher purity.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20305010

Molasses
type: Concept
broader: Raw Centrifugal Sugar
definition: Residual molasses after refining sugar cane or beets.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20305020
note: A by-product of the extraction or refining of beet or cane sugar or of the production of fructose from maize. Used for feed, food, industrial alcohol, alcoholic beverages and ethanol.

Stevia
type: Concept
broader: Sugar Crops and Vegetal Sweeteners
definition: Natural sweetener and sugar substitute derived from the leaves of the plant species Stevia rebaudiana.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 203060

Starches, Gums, and Polysaccharides
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Most generally, polysaccharides of vegetal origin. Specifically starches from seeds, roots and tubers, or gums in the woody elements of plants or in seed coatings.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2035

Corn Starch
type: Concept
alternative label: Cornflour
broader: Starches, Gums, and Polysaccharides
definition: Starch from the endosperm of maize kernels.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 203510

Potatoe Starch
type: Concept
broader: Starches, Gums, and Polysaccharides
definition: Starch extracted from crushed potatoes.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 203520

Malt
type: Concept
broader: Starches, Gums, and Polysaccharides
definition: Germinated cereal grain that has been dried (a process known as "malting").
in scheme: comcat
notation: 203530

Tapioca
type: Concept
broader: Starches, Gums, and Polysaccharides
definition: Starch extracted from the roots of the cassava plant (manioc).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 203540

Guar Beans
type: Concept
broader: Starches, Gums, and Polysaccharides
definition: Seed of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), an annual legume.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 203550
note: Guar has many functions for human and animal nutrition, but the gelling agent in its seeds (guar gum) is the most important use. Demand is rising due to the use of guar gum in hydraulic fracturing (oil shale gas). About 80% of world production occurs in India, but due to strong demand, the plant is being introduced elsewhere.

Guar Gum
type: Concept
broader: Starches, Gums, and Polysaccharides
definition: Galactomannan polysaccharide extracted from guar beans by mechanically dehusking, hydrating, and milling.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 203555

Guar Meal
type: Concept
broader: Starches, Gums, and Polysaccharides
definition: Residue of Guar gum extraction from the Guar bean.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 203557

Arabic Gum
type: Concept
broader: Starches, Gums, and Polysaccharides
definition: Dried exudate from the trunks and branches of Acacia senegal or Vachellia (Acacia) seyal in the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 203560

Roots and Tubers
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Parts of the plants whose main economic value is in their anchorage or storage organs, roots or tubers, respectively.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2040

Potatoes
type: Concept
broader: Roots and Tubers
definition: Starchy tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 204010
note: The importance of the potato as a food source and culinary ingredient varies by region and is still changing. It remains an essential crop in Europe, especially Northern and Eastern Europe, where per capita production is still the highest in the world, while the most rapid expansion in production over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia, with China and India leading the world in overall production as of 2018.

Sweet Potatoes
type: Concept
broader: Roots and Tubers
definition: Starchy tubers or Ipomoea batatas from the bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 204015

Yams
type: Concept
broader: Roots and Tubers
definition: Starchy tubers of plant species in the genus Dioscorea that form edible tubers.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 204020

Cassava
type: Concept
alternative label: Manioc
broader: Roots and Tubers
definition: Starchy tubers of Manihot esculenta.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 204030

Taro
type: Concept
broader: Roots and Tubers
definition: Starchy corms of Colocasia esculenta.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 204040

Yautia
type: Concept
broader: Roots and Tubers
definition: Starchy corms of several plant species in the genus Xanthosoma.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 204045
note: The genus is native to tropical America but widely cultivated and naturalized in other tropical regions.

Chicory Roots
type: Concept
broader: Roots and Tubers
definition: Roots of Cichorium intybus.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 204050

Other Roots or Tubers
type: Concept
broader: Roots and Tubers
definition: Any other roots or tubers.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 204090

Legumes and Pulses
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Fruits or seeds of plants in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae). Either fresh (legumes) or dried (pulses).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2045

Chickpeas
type: Concept
alternative label: Bengal Gram
alternative label: Chana
broader: Legumes and Pulses
definition: Seed of annual legume Cicer arietinum.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 204510

Adzuki Beans
type: Concept
alternative label: Azuki Beans
alternative label: Red Beans
alternative label: Red Mung Beans
broader: Legumes and Pulses
definition: Seed of Vigna angularis.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 204520

Mung Beans
type: Concept
alternative label: Green Gram
broader: Legumes and Pulses
definition: Seed of Vigna radiata.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 204525

Urad
type: Concept
alternative label: Black Gram
broader: Legumes and Pulses
definition: Seed of Vigna mungo.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 204527

Peas
type: Concept
broader: Legumes and Pulses
definition: Seed of Lathyrus oleraceus
in scheme: comcat
notation: 204530

Fruits
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: The ripened reproductive body of a seed plant
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2050

Citrus Fruits
type: Concept
broader: Fruits
definition: Fruit of various citrus species in the family Rutaceae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 205010
note: The fruit of the orange tree can be eaten fresh, or processed for its juice or fragrant peel. As of 2012, sweet oranges accounted for approximately 70% of citrus production. In 2017, 73 million tonnes of oranges were grown worldwide, with Brazil producing 24% of the world total, followed by China and India.

Sweet Oranges
type: Concept
broader: Citrus Fruits
definition: Fruit of Citrus x sinensis.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20501010

Tangerines and Mandarines and Clementines and Satsumas
type: Concept
broader: Citrus Fruits
definition: Fruit of Citrus tangerina, Citrus reticulata, Citrus x clementina, or Citrus unshiu.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20501020

Lemons
type: Concept
broader: Citrus Fruits
definition: Fruit of Citrus limon.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20501030

Limes
type: Concept
broader: Citrus Fruits
definition: Fruit of the hybrids produced from citrons (Citrus medica), mandarin oranges (Citrus reticulata), or pomeloes (Citrus maxima) and the lime varieties (Citrus hystrix var. micrantha).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20501035

Grapefruit
type: Concept
broader: Citrus Fruits
definition: Fruit of Citrus x paradisi.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20501040
note: In 2019, world production of grapefruits (combined with pomelos) was 9.3 million tonnes, of which 53% was in China. Other significant producers include Vietnam, United States and Mexico.

Pomelo
type: Concept
broader: Citrus Fruits
definition: Fruit of Citrus maxima.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20501045

Other Citrus Fruit
type: Concept
broader: Citrus Fruits
definition: Any other fruit of plants in the Citrus genus.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20501090

Pome Fruits
type: Concept
broader: Fruits
definition: Fruit produced by flowering plants in the subtribe Malinae of the family Rosaceae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 205020

Apples
type: Concept
broader: Pome Fruits
definition: Fruit of Malus domestica.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20502010
note: Worldwide production of apples in 2018 was 86 million tonnes, with China accounting for nearly half of the total.

Pears
type: Concept
broader: Pome Fruits
definition: Fruit of trees in the genus Pyrus, in particular Pyrus communis, Pyrus x bretschneideri, and Pyrus pyrifolia.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20502020

Quinces
type: Concept
broader: Pome Fruits
definition: Fruit of Cydonia oblonga.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20502030

Other Pome Fruits
type: Concept
broader: Pome Fruits
definition: Any other fruit of plants in the subtribe Malinae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20502090

Stone Fruit
type: Concept
alternative label: Drupe
broader: Fruits
definition: Fruits of the botanical family Rosaceae that contain a single hard seed, called a stone, pit, or pip.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 205030

Cherries
type: Concept
broader: Stone Fruit
definition: Fruit of many plants of the genus Prunus different from apricots, e.g. Prunus avium (sweet cherry) or Prunus cerasus (sour cherries).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20503010

Apricots
type: Concept
broader: Stone Fruit
definition: Fruit of several species in the genus Prunus different from cherries, e.g. Prunus armeniaca, Prunus brigantina, etc.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20503020

Peaches and Nectarines
type: Concept
broader: Stone Fruit
definition: Fruit of Prunus persica.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20503030
note: Peaches and nectarines are the same species, though they are regarded commercially as different fruits. The skin of nectarines lacks the fuzz (fruit-skin trichomes) that peach skin has; a mutation in a single gene (MYB25) is thought to be responsible for the difference between the two.

Plums
type: Concept
broader: Stone Fruit
definition: Fruit of some species in Prunus subg. Prunus, e.g. Prunus domestica.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20503040

Other Drupes
type: Concept
broader: Stone Fruit
definition: Any other drupes.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20503090

Berries
type: Concept
broader: Fruits
definition: Fruit with fleshy pericarp, containing one or many seeds.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 205040

Strawberries
type: Concept
broader: Berries
definition: Fruit of Fragaria x ananassa.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20504010
note: In 2020, world production of strawberries was 8.9 million tonnes, led by China with 38% of the total, and the United States and Egypt as other significant producers. Due the relatively fragile nature of the strawberry, approximately 35 percent of the $2.2 billion United States crop was spoiled in 2020. This led to an Idaho company planning to launch gene-edited strawberries in the near future in an effort to make them more durable and hardier. In the U.S. it costs growers around $35,000 per acre to plant and $35,000 per acre to harvest strawberries now, and more durable berries might reduce the rate of spoilage.

Raspberries
type: Concept
broader: Berries
definition: Fruit of many plant species in the genus Rubus, most of which in the subgenus Idaeobatus.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20504020
note: In 2020, world production of raspberries was 895,771 tonnes, led by Russia with 20% of the world total. Other major producers were Mexico, Poland, Serbia, and the United States.

Gooseberries
type: Concept
broader: Berries
definition: Fruit of many species of Ribes that are not currants, e.g. Ribes uva-crispa.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20504030

Currants
type: Concept
broader: Berries
definition: Fruit of many species of Ribes that are not gooseberries, e.g. Ribes nigrum, Ribes rubrum.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20504040

Blueberries
type: Concept
broader: Berries
definition: Fruit of species in the section Cyanococcus within the genus Vaccinium, e.g. Vaccinium caesariense.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20504050

Cranberries
type: Concept
broader: Berries
definition: Fruit of species in the subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium, e.g. Vaccinium oxycoccos.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20504060

Other Berries
type: Concept
broader: Berries
definition: Fruit of any other shrubs and bushes whose fruits are berries, excluding those that are classified as tropical fruits.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20504090

Tropical Fruits
type: Concept
broader: Fruits
definition: Tropical fruit is any fruit produced by a tree native to the tropics. The tropics are generally defined as the region of the globe between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 205050

Bananas and Plantains
type: Concept
broader: Tropical Fruits
definition: Fruit of many cultivars in the genus Musa.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20505010
scope note: Plantains are more starchy and less sweet; they are eaten cooked rather than raw; they have thicker skin, which may be green, yellow or black; and they can be used at any stage of ripeness.

Kiwi Fruit
type: Concept
alternative label: Chinese gooseberry
broader: Tropical Fruits
definition: Fruit of several species of woody vines in the genus Actinidia.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20505020

Mangoes
type: Concept
broader: Tropical Fruits
definition: Fruit of Mangifera indica.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20505030

Jujube
type: Concept
broader: Tropical Fruits
definition: Fruit of Ziziphus jujuba.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20505040

Avocados
type: Concept
broader: Tropical Fruits
definition: Fruit of Persea americana.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20505050

Dates
type: Concept
broader: Tropical Fruits
definition: Fruit of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20505060

Figs
type: Concept
broader: Tropical Fruits
definition: Fruit of Ficus carica.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20505065

Jackfruit
type: Concept
broader: Tropical Fruits
definition: Fruit of Artocarpus heterophyllus.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20505068

Papayas
type: Concept
broader: Tropical Fruits
definition: Fruit of Carica papaya.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20505070

Pineapples
type: Concept
broader: Tropical Fruits
definition: Fruit of Ananas comosus.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20505080

Other Tropical Fruit
type: Concept
broader: Tropical Fruits
definition: Any other tropical fruits.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20505090

Other Fresh Fruit
type: Concept
broader: Fruits
definition: Any other fruits.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 205090

Fruit Juices and Fruit Syrups
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Juice is a drink made by extracting or pressing the natural liquid contained in fruit. Fruit syrups (or fruit molasses) are concentrated fruit juices.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2055

Juices and Syrups from Citrus Fruits
type: Concept
broader: Fruit Juices and Fruit Syrups
definition: Juices and syrups made by pressing citrus fruits.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 205510

Frozen Orange Juice
type: Concept
broader: Juices and Syrups from Citrus Fruits
definition: U.S. Grade A frozen concentrate of sweet oranges with a Brix value of at least 62.5 degrees.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20551010

Juices and Syrups from Pome Fruits
type: Concept
broader: Fruit Juices and Fruit Syrups
definition: Juices and syrups made by pressing pome fruits.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 205520

Apple Juice Concentrate
type: Concept
broader: Juices and Syrups from Pome Fruits
definition: Concentrate of pressed apples.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 20552010

Spices
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Seed, fruit, root, bark, salt, or other plant substance primarily used for flavouring or colouring food.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2060
scope note: Spices are distinguished from herbs, which are the leaves, flowers, or stems of plants used for flavouring or as a garnish. Spices are sometimes used in medicine, religious rituals, cosmetics or perfume production.

Cardamom
type: Concept
broader: Spices
definition: Spice made from the seeds of several plants in the genera Elettaria and Amomum in the family Zingiberaceae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 206010
note: Cardamom is the world's third-most expensive spice, surpassed in price per weight only by saffron and vanilla.

Cinnamon
type: Concept
broader: Spices
definition: Spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species from the genus Cinnamomum.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 206020
note: In 2018, Indonesia and China produced 70% of the world's supply of cinnamon, Indonesia producing nearly 40% and China 30%.
scope note: Cinnamon is the name for several species of trees and the commercial spice products that some of them produce. All are members of the genus Cinnamomum in the family Lauraceae. Only a few Cinnamomum species are grown commercially for spice. Cinnamomum verum is sometimes considered to be "true cinnamon", but most cinnamon in international commerce is derived from the related species Cinnamomum cassia, also referred to as "cassia".

Nutmeg
type: Concept
broader: Spices
definition: Seed or ground spice of several species of the genus Myristica.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 206030
note: Indonesia is the main producers of nutmeg and mace.

Mace
type: Concept
broader: Spices
definition: Spice made from the reddish seed covering (aril) of the nutmeg seed.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 206035

Ginger
type: Concept
broader: Spices
definition: Rhizome of Ginger (Zingiber officinale).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 206040
note: India holds the seventh position in ginger export worldwide, however is the largest producer of ginger in the world. Regions in southwest and Northeast India are most suitable for ginger production due to their warm and humid climate, average rainfall and land space.

Turmeric
type: Concept
alternative label: Curcuma
broader: Spices
definition: Rhizome of Curcuma longa of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 206045

Cumin
type: Concept
alternative label: Jeera
broader: Spices
definition: Dried seed of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 206050

Coriander
type: Concept
broader: Herbs
definition: Dried seeds of Coriandrum sativum in the family Apiaceae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 206055
scope note: The fresh leaves and the roots are used in cooking as well. This concept only refers to the dried seeds.

Vanilla
type: Concept
broader: Spices
definition: Spice derived from the seed pods of orchids of the genus Vanilla, primarily obtained from flat-leaved vanilla (V. planifolia).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 206060
note: Three major species of vanilla currently are grown globally, all of which derive from a species originally found in Mesoamerica, including parts of modern-day Mexico. They are V. planifolia (syn. V. fragrans), grown on Madagascar, Réunion, and other tropical areas along the Indian Ocean; V. tahitensis, grown in the South Pacific; and V. pompona, found in the West Indies, Central America, and South America. The majority of the world's vanilla is the V. planifolia species, more commonly known as Bourbon vanilla (after the former name of Réunion, Ã�e Bourbon) or Madagascar vanilla, which is produced in Madagascar and neighbouring islands in the southwestern Indian Ocean, and in Indonesia. Madagascar's and Indonesia's cultivations produce two-thirds of the world's supply of vanilla. Vanilla is the second-most expensive spice after saffron because growing the vanilla seed pods is labor-intensive. Nevertheless, vanilla is widely used in both commercial and domestic baking, perfume manufacture, and aromatherapy.

Pepper
type: Concept
broader: Spices
definition: Dried drupe of Black pepper (Piper nigrum) in the family Piperaceae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 206070
note: Black pepper is native to present-day South India, and is extensively cultivated there and elsewhere in tropical regions. Producing 24% of the world total in 2019, Vietnam is the largest exporter of pepper. Black pepper is the world's most traded spice, and is one of the most common spices added to cuisines around the world.

Pimento
type: Concept
alternative label: Allspice
broader: Spices
definition: Dried unripe berry of Pimenta dioica.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 206075
note: Midcanopy trees are native to the Greater Antilles, southern Mexico, and Central America, now cultivated in many warm parts of the world.

Chilli
type: Concept
alternative label: Chili
broader: Spices
definition: Spicy fruit of plants in the genus Capsicum.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 206080

Other Spices
type: Concept
broader: Spices
definition: Any other spices.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 206090

Herbs
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Leaves, flowers, or stems of plants used for flavouring or as a garnish.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2065
scope note: Herbs are distinguished from spices, which are the seed, fruit, root, bark, salt, or other plant substance primarily used for flavouring or colouring food.

Stimulant Crops
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Plants or plant parts that, if activated, e.g. by heating, infusion, etc., stimulate the central nervous system.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2070

Green Coffee
type: Concept
broader: Stimulant Crops
definition: Stone inside the cherry of the Coffea plant.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 207010
note: The two most economically important varieties of coffee plant are the Arabica and the Robusta; ~60% of the coffee produced worldwide is Arabica and ~40% is Robusta. Arabica beans consist of 0.8-1.4% caffeine and Robusta beans consist of 1.7-4% caffeine. As coffee is one of the world's most widely consumed beverages, coffee beans are a major cash crop and an important export product, accounting for over 50% of some developing nations' foreign exchange earnings.

Cocoa Beans
type: Concept
broader: Stimulant Crops
definition: Seeds from the pod of the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 207020

Carobs
type: Concept
broader: Stimulant Crops
definition: Seeds from the pod of the carob shrub (Ceratonia siliqua).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 207025

Tea
type: Concept
broader: Stimulant Crops
definition: Cured or fresh leaves of Camellia sinensis, or rarely Camellia taliensis.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 207030

Mate
type: Concept
broader: Stimulant Crops
definition: Dried or fresh leaves of the Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 207035

Other Tea
type: Concept
broader: Stimulant Crops
definition: Other leaves or plant parts that are consumed by infusion.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 207039

Tobacco Leaves
type: Concept
broader: Stimulant Crops
definition: Cured or fresh leaves of several plants in the genus Nicotiana.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 207040

Hops
type: Concept
broader: Stimulant Crops
definition: Wet or dried seed cones (strobiles) of the hop plant (Humulus lupulus).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 207050

Other Stimulant Crops
type: Concept
broader: Stimulant Crops
definition: Any other plant or plant parts with stimulatory effects.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 207090

Livestock
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fibre, and labour.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2510

Cattle
type: Concept
broader: Livestock
definition: Large domesticated ungulates in the species Bos taurus.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251010

Buffaloes
type: Concept
broader: Livestock
definition: Domesticated animal in the species Bubalus bualis.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251015
note: Around 26 million water buffaloes are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. They contribute 72 million tonnes of milk and three million tonnes of meat annually to world food, much of it in areas that are prone to nutritional imbalances. In India, river buffaloes are kept mainly for milk production and for transport, whereas swamp buffaloes are kept mainly for work and a small amount of milk.

Sheep
type: Concept
broader: Livestock
definition: Domesticated animal in the species Ovis aries.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251020
note: Numbering a little over one billion, domestic sheep are also the most numerous species of sheep. A sheep's wool is the most widely used animal fibre, and is usually harvested by shearing. Ovine meat is called lamb when from younger animals and mutton when from older ones in Commonwealth countries, and lamb in the United States (including from adults). Sheep husbandry is practised throughout the majority of the inhabited world. Australia, New Zealand, the southern and central South American nations, and the British Isles are most closely associated with sheep production.

Goats
type: Concept
broader: Livestock
definition: Domesticated animal in the subspecies Capra aegagrus hircus.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251025
note: In 2011, there were more than 924 million goats living in the world, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization.

Swine
type: Concept
alternative label: Hogs
alternative label: Pigs
broader: Livestock
definition: Domesticated even-toed ungulate in the species Sus scrofa domesticus.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251030
note: The domestic pig's head-plus-body length ranges from 0.9 to 1.8 m (35 to 71 in), and adult pigs typically weigh between 50 and 350 kg (110 and 770 lb), with well-fed individuals often exceeding this weight range. The size and weight of hogs largely depends on their breed.

Chickens
type: Concept
broad match: http://zbw.eu/stw/descriptor/14135-0
broader: Livestock
definition: Domesticated animal in the subspecies Gallus gallus domesticus, a subspecies of the red junglefowl.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251040
note: Chickens are one of the most common and widespread domestic animals, with a total population of 23.7 billion as of 2018, up from more than 19 billion in 2011. There are more chickens in the world than any other bird.

Turkeys
type: Concept
broad match: http://zbw.eu/stw/descriptor/14135-0
broader: Livestock
definition: Domesticated aninmal in the species Meleagris gallopavo domesticus.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251042
note: The domestic turkey is a popular form of poultry, and it is raised throughout temperate parts of the world, partially because industrialized farming has made it very cheap for the amount of meat it produces.

Ducks
type: Concept
alternative label: Mallards
broad match: http://zbw.eu/stw/descriptor/14135-0
broader: Livestock
definition: Domesticated animal in the subspecies Anas platyrhynchos domesticus.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251045

Geese
type: Concept
broad match: http://zbw.eu/stw/descriptor/14135-0
broader: Livestock
definition: Domesticated animal in the species Anser anser domesticus or Anser cygnoides domesticus.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251047
note: Approximately 700 million geese are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.

Pigeons
type: Concept
broader: Livestock
definition: Domesticated bird in the subspecies Columba livia domestica.
in scheme: comcat
narrow match: c 5870
narrow match: Q204179
notation: 251048

Other Birds
type: Concept
broader: Livestock
definition: Other birds, gamebirds, or domestic birds bred or hunted for consumption, such as quail, ostrich, Guinea fowl, etc.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251049

Horses
type: Concept
broader: Livestock
definition: Domesticated odd-toed, hoofed mammal in the species Equus ferus caballus.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251050

Asses
type: Concept
alternative label: Donkey
broader: Livestock
definition: Domesticated hoofed mammal in the subspecies Equus africanus asinus
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251055

Mules
type: Concept
broader: Livestock
definition: Domestic equine hybrid between a donkey and a horse, Equus africanus asinus x Equus ferus caballus
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251058

Camels
type: Concept
broader: Livestock
definition: Even-toed ungulate in the genus Camelus that bears distinctive fatty deposits (humps) on its back.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251060

Other Camelids
type: Concept
broader: Livestock
definition: Any other animals in the family Camelidae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251069

Rabbits
type: Concept
broader: Livestock
definition: Small mammals in the family Leporidae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251070

Other Rodents
type: Concept
broader: Livestock
definition: Any other rodents of economic value.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251079

Other Live Animals
type: Concept
broader: Livestock
definition: Any other live animals.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251090

Other Non-Food Live Animals
type: Concept
broader: Livestock
definition: Any other live animals not kept for food.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 251095

Animal Oils and Fats
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Animal fats and oils are lipids derived from animals: oils are liquid at room temperature, and fats are solid.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2520

Fat of Cattle
type: Concept
alternative label: Beef Tallow
broader: Animal Oils and Fats
definition: Rendered beef fat.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 252010

Fat of Buffalo
type: Concept
broader: Animal Oils and Fats
definition: Rendered fat of the buffalo.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 252015

Fat of Sheep
type: Concept
alternative label: Mutton Tallow
broader: Animal Oils and Fats
definition: Rendered mutton fat.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 252020

Fat of Goats
type: Concept
broader: Animal Oils and Fats
definition: Rendered fatty tissue of a goat.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 252025

Fat of Pigs
type: Concept
alternative label: Lard
broader: Animal Oils and Fats
definition: Rendered fatty tissue of a pig.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 252030

Fat of Poultry
type: Concept
broader: Animal Oils and Fats
definition: Rendered fat of, typically, waterfowl, e.g. ducks and geese.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 252040

Fat of Camels
type: Concept
broader: Animal Oils and Fats
definition: Rendered hump of a camel.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 252060

Fat of Other Camelids
type: Concept
broader: Animal Oils and Fats
definition: Rendering of fatty tissue of any other member of Camelidae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 252069

Oil of Oily Fish
type: Concept
broader: Animal Oils and Fats
definition: Rendered tissue of oily fish, e.g. tuna or salmon.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 252080

Other Animal Fats
type: Concept
broader: Animal Oils and Fats
definition: Rendering of fatty tissue of any other animal.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 252090

Food from Slaughtered Animals
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Edible products from slaughtered animals, such as meat, offal, and bones, excluding edible or inedible products used as material, e.g. skins and hides.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2530
scope note: Meat here refers to skeletal muscle, associated fat, and other edible tissues such as offal. Also includes animals that have not been domesticated or raised and prepared for human consumption, like game, insects, fish, seafood, and snails.

Meat of Cattle
type: Concept
alternative label: Beef
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat from cattle, particularly skeletal muscle.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253010
note: Beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world, accounting for about 25% of meat production worldwide, after pork and poultry at 38% and 30% respectively. In absolute numbers, the United States, Brazil, and the People's Republic of China are the world's three largest consumers of beef; Uruguay, however, has the highest beef and veal consumption per capita, followed by Argentina and Brazil. According to the data from OECD, the average Uruguayan ate over 42 kg (93 lb) of beef or veal in 2014, representing the highest beef/veal consumption per capita in the world. In comparison, the average American consumed only about 24 kg (53 lb) beef or veal in the same year, while African countries, such as Mozambique, Ghana, and Nigeria, consumed the least beef or veal per capita. In 2018, the United States, Brazil, and China produced the most beef with 12.22 million tons, 9.9 million tons, and 6.46 million tons respectively. The top 3 beef exporting countries in 2019 were Australia (14.8% of total exports), the United States (13.4% of total exports), and Brazil (12.6% of total exports). Beef production is also important to the economies of Japan, Argentina, Uruguay, Canada, Paraguay, Mexico, Belarus and Nicaragua. Beef production has a high environmental impact per gram of protein.
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/headings/0201
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/headings/0202

Buffalo Meat
type: Concept
alternative label: Buff
alternative label: Red Beef
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat of the water buffalo.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253015
note: Buffalo have exceptional muscular development and thus they are considerably heavy, with some weighing more than a tonne. The main agricultural use of buffalo is to obtain milk. India has the largest number of buffalo and is the largest producer of its milk, producing nearly 57 million tonnes of it annually. This accounts for 67% of global production. Slaughtering buffalo for meat is a secondary agricultural priority. Buffalo meat from young buffalo has a much better quality as they have a higher proportion of muscle and a lower proportion of fat as compared to other cattle meat. The highest quality buffalo meat is known as "padwa" in India, taken from a buffalo younger than 24 months. India accounts for about 43% of the world buffalo meat production, with Uttar Pradesh producing the most, followed by Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. In the 21st century, buffalo meat production in India has been growing and has increased from 4.1 million tonnes CWE (carcass weight equivalent) in 2014 to 4.3 million tonnes CWE in 2015. In India, during the calendar year 2014-2015, consumption estimates had been forecasted to rise from 3.1% and 3.5% to 2.1 and 2.175 million tonnes CWE respectively, according to the US Department of Agriculture.
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/headings/0201
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/headings/0202

Meat of Sheep
type: Concept
alternative label: Mutton
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat of domestic sheep (Ovis aries).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253020
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/headings/0204
scope note: A sheep in its first year is a lamb and its meat is also lamb. A sheep in its second year and its meat are hogget. Older sheep meat is mutton. In South Asian and Caribbean cuisine, "mutton" often means goat meat. At various times and places, "mutton" or "goat mutton" has occasionally been used to mean goat meat.

Goat Meat
type: Concept
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat of the domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253025
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/headings/0204
scope note: The common name for goat meat is simply "goat", though meat from adult goats is referred to as chevon, while that from young goats can be called capretto (It.), cabrito (Sp.) or kid. In South Asian and Caribbean cuisine, mutton commonly means goat meat. In South Asia, where mutton curry is popular, "mutton" is used for both goat and lamb meat. The United States Department of Agriculture promoted the term "chevon", a portmanteau of chèvre ('goat') and mouton ('sheep', 'mutton') in the 1920s. According to market research, consumers in the United States prefer the pseudo-French-language-derived culinary name "chevon". "Cabrito", a word of Spanish and Portuguese origin, refers specifically to the meat of a young, milk-fed goat. It is also known as chivo.

Pig Meat
type: Concept
alternative label: Pork
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253030
note: It is the most commonly consumed meat worldwide, with evidence of pig husbandry dating back to 5000 BC. Pork is not only the most popular meat in the Western world and in Central Europe, it is also very popular in East Asia, the non-Muslim parts of India, Southeast Asia (Indochina, Philippines, Singapore, East Timor) and in Malaysia. It is highly prized in Asian cuisines, especially in China, for its fat content and texture.
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/headings/0203

Chicken Meat
type: Concept
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat of the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253040
note: The United Nations estimates there to be 19 billion chickens on Earth today, making them outnumber humans more than two to one.
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/headings/0207

Turkey Meat
type: Concept
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat from turkeys, typically domesticated turkeys but also wild turkeys.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253042
note: It is a popular poultry dish, especially in North America, where it is traditionally consumed as part of culturally significant events such as Thanksgiving and Christmas, as well as in standard cuisine.
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/headings/0207

Duck Meat
type: Concept
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat of several species of bird in the family Anatidae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253045
note: Duck is particularly predominant in the Chinese cuisine, partly in the (Northeast) Indian cuisine, and in a variety of dishes around the world. Some dishes use parts of the duck as an ingredient along with other ingredients.
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/headings/0207

Goose Meat
type: Concept
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Goose is the meat of domesticated or wild geese.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253047
note: Goose is used traditionally in the French, Polish, and Baltic cuisines, particularly during the Christmas season.
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/headings/0207

Meat of Pigeons
type: Concept
alternative label: Squab
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat of domestic pigeons, or more broadly of all dove and pigeon species.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253048
note: The modern squab industry uses utility pigeons. Squabs are raised until they are roughly a month old, when they reach adult size but have not yet flown, before being slaughtered.
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/commodities/0208901000
related: c 6147

Meat of Other Birds
type: Concept
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat from other birds bred or hunted for consumption, such as quail, ostrich, Guinea fowl, etc.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253049

Horse Meat
type: Concept
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat from domestic horses (Equus ferus caballus).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253050
note: Horse meat forms a significant part of the culinary traditions of many countries, particularly in Europe and Asia. The eight countries that consume the most horse meat consume about 4.3 million horses a year. Jurisdictions that allow for the slaughter of horses for food rarely have age restrictions, so many are quite young, some even as young as 16 to 24 months old. They are processed in a similar fashion to cattle, i.e., in large-scale factory slaughter houses (abattoirs) where they are stunned with a captive bolt gun and bled to death. In countries with a less industrialized food-production system, horses and other animals are slaughtered individually outdoors as needed, in or near the village where they will be consumed.
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/headings/0205

Meat of Asses
type: Concept
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat from domestic asses (Equus africanus asinus).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253055
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/headings/0205

Meat of Mules
type: Concept
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat from mules (Equus africanus asinus x Equus ferus caballus).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253058
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/headings/0205

Meat of Camels
type: Concept
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat from camels (species in the genus Camelus).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253060
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/commodities/0208600000

Meat of other Domestic Camelids
type: Concept
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat from any other camelids (species in the family Camelidae).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253069
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/commodities/0208600000

Rabbit Meat
type: Concept
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat from animals in the family Leporidae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253070

Meat of other Domestic Rodents
type: Concept
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat from domestic animals in the order Rodentia, excluding non-domestic but indigenous animals (cf. 253540 Indigenous Meat).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253079

Gutted Iced Tuna
type: Concept
is replaced by: Gutted Iced Tuna
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Saltwater fish in the tribe Thunnini that has been gutted and put on ice.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253080

Gutted Iced Salmon
type: Concept
is replaced by: Gutted Iced Salmon
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Several species in the family Salmonidae that have been gutted and put on ice.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253085

Other Gutted Iced Oily Fish
type: Concept
is replaced by: Other Gutted Iced Oily Fish
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Any other oily fish that has been gutted and put on ice.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253089

Other Meat
type: Concept
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Meat from any other animals.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253090

Offal
type: Concept
broader: Food from Slaughtered Animals
definition: Viscera (internal organs) and entrails of a butchered animal.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253095

Meat Products and Meat Preparations
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Fresh meat or meat that has been reduced to fragments which has had foodstuffs, seasonings or additives added to it or which has undergone processes.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2535
scope note: Meat preparations defined in EC No 853/2004

Dried Meat
type: Concept
broader: Meat Products and Meat Preparations
definition: Meat that has been dehydrated, i.e. hot-air-dried or cured with salt. Freeze-dried meat is to be considered fresh.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253510

Meat and Bone Meal
type: Concept
alternative label: MBM
broader: Meat Products and Meat Preparations
definition: Residue of fat extraction (by rendering).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253520

Blood Meal
type: Concept
broader: Meat Products and Meat Preparations
definition: Blood that has been dehydrated, i.e. hot-air-dried, drum dried, flash dried, or spray dried.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253525

Indigenous Meat
type: Concept
alternative label: Bushmeat
broader: Meat Products and Meat Preparations
definition: Meat or meat products or meat preparations from wildlife species that are hunted rather than grown.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253540

Biological Meat
type: Concept
alternative label: Organic Meat
broader: Meat Products and Meat Preparations
definition: Meat or meat products or meat preparations from animals that have been bred and grown under natural living conditions and feed.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253550
scope note: Distinct from Indigenous Meat (253540) in that animals are deliberately kept for meat production.

Other Meat Preparations
type: Concept
broader: Meat Products and Meat Preparations
definition: Any other meat products or meat preparations.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 253590

Food from Live Animals
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Produce sourced from animals without slaughtering them.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2540

Cow Milk
type: Concept
broader: Food from Live Animals
definition: Raw cow milk with all its constituents that is not concentrated, pasteurized, sterilized or other-wise preserved, homogenized or peptonized.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 254010

Standardized Milk
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Milk in which the fat content is adjusted to a predetermined value without altering any other constituents.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401010

Condensed Whole Milk
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Milk and cream from which water has been partly removed after heat-treating and concentrating. Normally sucrose is added to give the product stability and bacteriological safety.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401011

Evaporated Whole Milk
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Milk and cream from which the water has been partly removed and which has been heat- treated to render it bacteriologically safe and stable.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401012

Dry Whole Cow Milk
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Milk and cream from which water has been completely removed by various methods. In form of powder, granules or other solid forms. May contain added sugar or other sweeteners.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401013

Fresh Cream
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: That portion of milk which is rich in milk fat and is separated by skimming or centrifuging.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401015

Butter of Cow Milk
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Emulsion of milk fat and water that is obtained by churning cream. Trade data cover butter from the milk of any animal.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401016

Ghee from Cow Milk
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Butter from which the water has been removed. Very common in hot countries. Includes also anhydrous butterfat or butter oil.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401017

Skim Milk of Cows
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Milk from which most of the fat has been removed.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401020

Condensed Skim Milk
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Same as 25401011, but applied to skim milk.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401021

Evaporated Skim Milk
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Same as 25401012, but applied to skim milk.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401022

Dry Skim Cow Milk
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Same as 25401013, but from skim milk. Normally does not exceed 1.5% fat content.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401023

Fresh Whey
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Liquid part of the milk that remains after the separation of curd in cheese making.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401030
note: Its main food use is in the preparation of whey cheese, whey drinks and fermented whey drinks. The main industrial uses are in the manufacture of lactose, whey paste and dried whey.

Condensed Whey
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Pasteurised fresh whey where some of the liquid has been evaporated in a vaccum.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401031

Dry Whey
type: Concept
alternative label: Whey Powder
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Condensed whey where all water has been removed.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401033

Cheese from Whole Cow Milk
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Curd of milk that has been coagulated and separated from whey. May include some whole milk.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401040

Cheese From Skimmed Cow Milk
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Curd of milk that has been coagulated and separated from whey. May include some skimmed milk.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401042

Whey Cheese
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Made from fresh whey by coagulating, e.g. by heat or acid.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401043

Processed Cheese
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Made from cheese and unfermented dairy ingredients mixed with emulsifiers.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401045

Buttermilk
type: Concept
alternative label: Curdled Milk
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Milk inoculated with a culture of Lactococcus lactis or Lactobacillus bulgaricus plus Leuconostoc citrovorum.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401050
note: As most modern butter is not made with cultured cream but uncultured sweet cream, most modern buttermilk is cultured separately.

Dry Buttermilk
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Buttermilk where water has been removed, e.g. by spray drying or roller drying.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401053

Unconcentrated Yoghurt
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Milk inoculated with yoghurt cultures, may include additives such as sugar, flavouring materials, fruit or cocoa.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401055

Concentrated Yoghurt
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Yoghurt where the whey has been removed by straining.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401056

Lactose
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Main sugar constituent of milk, obtained from whey permeate.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401060
note: Lactose makes up 2%-8% of milk, or about 5% of whey solids.

Casein
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Main protein constituent of milk, obtained from skimmed milk by precipitation (curdling) with acids or rennet.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401065

Reconstitued Milk
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Product obtained by adding water, fat, etc. to milk powder.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401070

Products of Natural Milk Constituents
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Product that is included in Item 125 on the Import Control List (ICL).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401080
related: https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/commodities/0404900000
scope note: E.g. infant formula

Ice Cream and Edible Ice
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Milk or cream base with sweeteners, eggs, etc.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401085

Other Milk Products
type: Concept
broader: Cow Milk
definition: Milk products not classified elsewhere.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25401090

Buffalo Milk
type: Concept
broader: Food from Live Animals
definition: Milk from water buffalo cows.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 254015
note: India and Pakistan produce the most buffalo milk worldwide.

Sheep Milk
type: Concept
broader: Food from Live Animals
definition: Milk from ewes.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 254016

Goat Milk
type: Concept
broader: Food from Live Animals
definition: Milk from nannies.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 254017

Camel Milk
type: Concept
broader: Food from Live Animals
definition: Milk from camel cows.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 254018

Other Milk
type: Concept
broader: Food from Live Animals
definition: Milk from any other female mammal.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 254019

Hen Eggs
type: Concept
alternative label: Chicken Eggs
broad match: http://zbw.eu/stw/descriptor/14121-4
broader: Food from Live Animals
definition: Oval reproductive body of hens used as food.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 254020
note: In 2017, world production of chicken eggs was 80.1 million tonnes. The largest producers were China with 31.3 million of this total, the United States with 6.3 million, India at 4.8 million, Mexico at 2.8 million, Japan at 2.6 million, and Brazil and Russia with 2.5 million each.

Duck Eggs
type: Concept
broader: Food from Live Animals
definition: Oval reproductive body of ducks used as food.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 254022

Other Bird Eggs
type: Concept
broader: Food from Live Animals
definition: Any other bird eggs.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 254029

Honey
type: Concept
broader: Food from Live Animals
definition: Honey produced by bees (Apis mellifera) or by other insects.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 254030

Food from Aquaculture
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Food from the controlled cultivation of aquatic organisms.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 2550

Gutted Iced Oily Fish
type: Concept
broader: Food from Aquaculture
definition: Oily fish that has been gutted and put on ice.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 255010

Gutted Iced Tuna
type: Concept
broader: Gutted Iced Oily Fish
definition: Saltwater fish in the tribe Thunnini that has been gutted and put on ice.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25501010

Gutted Iced Salmon
type: Concept
broader: Gutted Iced Oily Fish
definition: Several species in the family Salmonidae that have been gutted and put on ice.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25501020

Other Gutted Iced Oily Fish
type: Concept
broader: Gutted Iced Oily Fish
definition: Any other oily fish that has been gutted and put on ice.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25501090

Decapoda
type: Concept
broader: Food from Aquaculture
definition: Order of Crustaceans within the class Malacostraca whose meat is considered a delicacy.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 255020

Lobster
type: Concept
broader: Decapoda
definition: Salt water crustaceans of the family Nephropidae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25502010

Crayfish
type: Concept
broader: Decapoda
definition: Freshwater crustaceans of the family Astacidea.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25502015

Crab
type: Concept
broader: Decapoda
definition: Decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25502020

Prawn
type: Concept
broader: Decapoda
definition: Decapod crustaceans of the suborder Dendrobranchiata.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25502030

Shrimp
type: Concept
broader: Decapoda
definition: Decapod crustaceans of the family Crangonidae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 25502035

Materials
type: Concept
definition: Commodities used as inputs to manufacturing processes to produce prodcts or more complex materials.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30
note: Materials can be classified based on their physical and chemical properties, or on their geological origin or biological function. Raw materials can be processed in different ways to influence their properties, by purification, shaping or the introduction of other materials. New materials can be produced from raw materials by synthesis.
related: c_330705
top concept of: comcat

Fibres of Vegetal Origin
type: Concept
broader: Materials
definition: Plants or plant parts that are primarily harvested for their fibre, or fibre products of vegetal origin.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 3010

Cotton Lint
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Vegetal Origin
definition: Soft, fluffy fibre from the boll of the plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301010
note: The plant is a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, Africa, Egypt and India. The greatest diversity of wild cotton species is found in Mexico, followed by Australia and Africa. Cotton was independently domesticated in the Old and New Worlds. Current estimates for world production are about 25 million tonnes or 110 million bales annually, accounting for 2.5% of the world's arable land. India is the world's largest producer of cotton. The United States has been the largest exporter for many years. In the United States, cotton is usually measured in bales, which measure approximately 0.48 cubic meters (17 cubic feet) and weigh 226.8 kilograms (500 pounds).

Flax Fibre and Tow
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Vegetal Origin
definition: Fibre extracted from the bast beneath the surface of the stem of the flax plant.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301020
note: The best grades are used for fabrics such as damasks, lace, and sheeting. Coarser grades are used for the manufacturing of twine and rope, and historically, for canvas and webbing equipment.

Flax Raw or Retted
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Vegetal Origin
definition: Retted (or unretted) stalks of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301025

Hemp Fibre and Tow
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Vegetal Origin
definition: Fibre extracted from the bast of the cultivars of Cannabis sativa.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301030
note: Hemp is used in a number of consumer goods, including clothing, shoes, accessories, dog collars, and home wares. For clothing, in some instances, hemp is mixed with lyocell.

Jute Fibre
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Vegetal Origin
definition: Fibre extracted from the bast of plants in the genus Corchorus, primarily Corchorus olitorius, or alternatively Corchorus capsularis.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301040
note: Jute is one of the most affordable natural fibres, and second only to cotton in the amount produced and variety of uses. Jute is also called the "golden fiber" for its colour and high cash value.

Jute-like Fibre
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Vegetal Origin
definition: Fibre that shares most of the mechanical properties and the look of jute.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301045

Abaca
type: Concept
alternative label: Manila Hemp
broader: Fibres of Vegetal Origin
definition: Fibre extracted from the leaf-stems of Musa textilis.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301048
note: The name refers to the capital of the Philippines, one of the main producers of Manila hemp. The hatmaking straw made from Manila hemp is called tagal or tagal straw.

Sisal
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Vegetal Origin
definition: Decorticated leaf stems or fibre extracted from the leaf-stems of Agave sisalana, possibly dried, brushed and baled.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301050

Other Agave Fibres
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Vegetal Origin
definition: Any other fibre extracted from the leaf-stems of agaves.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301059

Kapok Fibre
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Vegetal Origin
definition: Fibre obtained of the seed pods of Ceiba pentandra.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301060
note: In Spanish speaking countries the tree is commonly known as "ceiba". The tree is cultivated for the seed fibre, particularly in south-east Asia, and is also known as the Java cotton, Java kapok, silk-cotton or samauma. The fibre is light, very buoyant, resilient, resistant to water, but very flammable. The process of harvesting and separating the fiber is labour-intensive and menial. It is difficult to spin, but is used as an alternative to down as filling in mattresses, pillows, upholstery, zafus, and stuffed toys such as teddy bears, and for insulation.

Ramie
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Vegetal Origin
definition: Decorticated leaf stems or fibre obtained from the inner bark (phloem) of the vegetative stalks of the Ramie plant, possibly degummed.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301070
note: The dry weight of harvested stem from crops ranges from 3.4 to 4.5 t/ha/a. A 4.5-ton crop yields 1,600 kg/ha/a of dry undegummed fibre. The weight loss during degumming can be up to 25%, giving a yield of degummed fibre of about 1,200 kg/ha/a.

Coir
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Vegetal Origin
definition: Fibre extracted from the outer husk of coconut.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301080

Other Crop Fibre
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Vegetal Origin
definition: Any other fibre of vegetal origin.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301090

Fibres of Animal Origin
type: Concept
broader: Materials
definition: Fibres that are produced by animals. Most notably they comprise bristles, hair, wool, and silk.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 3015

Greasy Wool
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Animal Origin
definition: Wool straight off a sheep, i.e. unscoured.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301510

Fine Hair
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Animal Origin
definition: Wool of the shoulder and sides, less than 20 microns in diameter.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301515

Coarse Goat Hair
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Animal Origin
definition: Hair of goat with diameters >30 microns.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301520

Fine Goat Hair
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Animal Origin
definition: Hair of goat with diameters <30 microns.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301525

Hair of Horses
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Animal Origin
definition: Long hair growing on the manes and tails of horses.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301530

Reelable Cocoons
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Animal Origin
definition: Cocoons of the silkworm (Bombyx mori).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301540

Other Hair
type: Concept
broader: Fibres of Animal Origin
definition: Other hair of animal origin.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 301590

Oleochemicals
type: Concept
broader: Softs
definition: Oleochemicals are products derived from vegetal oils and fats, e.g. by hydrolysis, transesterification, or hydrogenation.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 3020

Biodiesel
type: Concept
alternative label: FAME
alternative label: Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
broader: Oleochemicals
definition: Oleochemical derived by transesterification of fats with methanol, usually blended with petrodiesel.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 302010

Used Cooking Oil
type: Concept
alternative label: UCOME
alternative label: Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester
broader: Oleochemicals
definition: Feedstock to produce biofuel, most notably Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 302015

Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil
type: Concept
alternative label: HVO
broader: Oleochemicals
definition: Feedstock to produce biofuel, most notably Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 302018

Polylactic Acid
type: Concept
alternative label: PLA
broader: Oleochemicals
definition: Thermoplastic polyester obtained by condensation of lactic acid, a monomer made from fermented plant starch such as from corn, cassava, sugarcane or sugar beet pulp.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 302020

Polyamide 11
type: Concept
alternative label: PA 11
broader: Oleochemicals
definition: Polyamide produced by the polymerization of 11-aminoundecanoic acid which is produced from castor beans under the trade name Rilsan.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 302030

Ethylene
type: Concept
alternative label: Ethene
broader: Oleochemicals
definition: Simplest hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds, formula CH2=CH2.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 302040
note: Produced by steam cracking purified natural gas, naphtha, gasoil or condy.

Propylene
type: Concept
alternative label: Propene
broader: Oleochemicals
definition: Unsaturated compound with one double bond, formula CH3CH=CH.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 302050

Xylene
type: Concept
alternative label: Xylol
broader: Oleochemicals
definition: Mixture of organic compounds with the formula (CH3)2C6H4.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 302060

Forest Products
type: Concept
broader: Materials
definition: Material derived from forestry for direct consumption or commercial use.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 3030

Wood
type: Concept
alternative label: Timber
broader: Forest Products
definition: Standing or felled trees.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 303010

Sawnwood
type: Concept
alternative label: Lumber
broader: Forest Products
definition: Wood that has been processed into beams and planks.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 303015
note: 80% of lumber comes from softwood, e.g. from coniferous species, including pine, fir and spruce (collectively spruce-pine-fir), cedar, and hemlock.
scope note: May be supplied either rough-sawn, or surfaced on one or more of its faces.

Plywood
type: Concept
alternative label: Blockboard
broader: Forest Products
definition: Material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 303020

Fibreboard
type: Concept
broader: Forest Products
definition: Material made out of wood fibres.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 303030

Wood Pellets
type: Concept
broader: Forest Products
definition: Fuel for a pellet stove made from compacted sawdust.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 303050

Paper
type: Concept
broader: Materials
definition: Material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 3035

Newsprint
type: Concept
broader: Paper
definition: Material consisting mainly of wood pulp and most commonly used to print newspapers and other publications and advertising material.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 303510

Containerboard
type: Concept
broader: Paper
definition: Material made out of natural unbleached wood fibres for the production of corrugated board.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 303520

Pulp
type: Concept
broader: Paper
definition: Material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating cellulose fibres from wood, fiber crops, waste paper, or rags.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 303530

Recovered Paper
type: Concept
broader: Paper
definition: Material made from cellulose obtained by breaking down waste paper.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 303550

Rubber and Wax
type: Concept
broader: Materials
definition: Biodegradable solid or highly viscous compounds.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 3040

Raw Natural Rubber
type: Concept
broader: Rubber and Wax
definition: Field latex, raw caucho or caoutchouc, with minor impurities of other organic compounds, plus water.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 304010
note: Thailand and Indonesia are two of the leading rubber producers.

Other Resins
type: Concept
broader: Rubber and Wax
definition: Any other resin.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 304019

Concentrated Latex
type: Concept
alternative label: HA Latex
broader: Rubber and Wax
definition: Centrifuged and ammoniated field latex that has been processed into latex concentrate.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 304020

Coagulated Latex
type: Concept
broader: Rubber and Wax
definition: Field latex that has been transferred into coagulation tanks
in scheme: comcat
notation: 304022

Technically Specified Rubber
type: Concept
alternative label: TSR
broader: Rubber and Wax
definition: Naturally coagulated rubber (cup lump) that has been reduced in size, cleaned and dried, then baled and palletised for storage and shipment.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 304025

Ribbed Smoked Sheet Rubber
type: Concept
alternative label: RSS Rubber
broader: Rubber and Wax
definition: Coagulated latex sheets that have been air dried or smoked in ovens.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 304027

Vegetal Wax
type: Concept
broader: Rubber and Wax
definition: Waxy substnce of plnt origin, e.g. rice bran wax or sunflower wax.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 304030

Beeswax
type: Concept
broader: Rubber and Wax
definition: Natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 304035

Inorganic Compounds
type: Concept
broader: Materials
definition: Compounds that do not contain a C atom. Exceptions are made for isocyanide/cyanide and their non-hydrocarbyl derivatives, thiophosgene, carbon diselenide, carbon monosulfide, carbon disulfide, carbon subsulfide, carbon monoxide, carbon trioxide, carbon suboxide, and dicarbon monoxide.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 3050

Sodium Carbonate
type: Concept
alternative label: E500
alternative label: Soda Ash
alternative label: Washing Soda
broader: Inorganic Compounds
definition: Sodium carbonate.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 305010
note: As a common alkali, it is preferred in many chemical processes because it is cheaper than sodium hydroxide and far safer to handle.

Sodium Hydroxide
type: Concept
alternative label: Caustic Soda
alternative label: Lye
broader: Inorganic Compounds
definition: Sodium hydroxide.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 305015
note: Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the making of wood pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain opener. Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tons, while demand was 51 million tons.

Glass
type: Concept
broader: Inorganic Compounds
definition: Non-crystalline, often transparent amorphous solid.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 305020
note: Soda-lime glass, containing around 70% silica, accounts for around 90% of manufactured glass.

Intermetallics
type: Concept
broader: Inorganic Compounds
definition: Intermetallics are metallic alloys that form ordered solid-state compounds between two or more metallic elements.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 305030
note: Intermetallics are generally hard and brittle, with good high-temperature mechanical properties. They can be classified as stoichiometric or nonstoichiometic intermetallic compounds.

Ferrosilicon
type: Concept
broader: Intermetallics
definition: Alloy of iron and silicon with a typical silicon content by weight of 15%-90%.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30503010

Manganese Silicide
type: Concept
broader: Intermetallics
definition: Alloy of manganese and silicon.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30503020

Organic Compounds
type: Concept
broader: Materials
definition: Compounds that contain at least one carbon atom, excluding the exceptions made for inorganic compounds.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 3060

Polymers
type: Concept
broader: Organic Compounds
definition: Macromolecules composed of many repeating units.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 306010

Polyvinyl Chloride
type: Concept
alternative label: PVC
broader: Polymers
definition: Polymer made up of vinyl chloride monomers (VCM).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30601010
note: The world's third-most widely produced synthetic plastic polymer (after polyethylene and polypropylene). About 40 million tons of PVC are produced each year.

Polyethylene
type: Concept
alternative label: PE
broader: Polymers
definition: Polymer made up of ethylene monomers (ethene).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30601020
note: The most common plastic in use today. PE is usually a mixture of similar polymers of ethylene of various chain-lengths. It can be low density or high density: low density polyethylene is extruded using high pressure (1000-5000 atm) and high temperature (520 Kelvin), while high density polyethylene is extruded using low pressure (6-7 atm) and low temperature (333-343 Kelvin). Polyethylene is usually thermoplastic, however it can be modified to become thermosetting instead, for example in cross-linked polyethylene.

Polyethylene Terephthalate
type: Concept
alternative label: PET
broader: Polymers
definition: Thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family, formula (C10H8O4)n.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30601025

Polypropylene
type: Concept
alternative label: PP
broader: Polymers
definition: Polymer made up of propylene monomers (propene).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30601030
note: Bio-PP is the bio-based counterpart of polypropylene (PP). Polypropylene is the second-most widely produced commodity plastic (after polyethylene). In 2019, the global market for polypropylene was worth $126.03 billion. Revenues are expected to exceed US$145 billion by 2019. The sales of this material are forecast to grow at a rate of 5.8% per year until 2021.

Polystyrene
type: Concept
alternative label: PS
broader: Polymers
definition: Polymer made up of styrene monomers, formula (C8H8)n.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30601040
note: Polystyrene is one of the most widely used plastics, the scale of its production being several million tonnes per year.

Styrene-butadiene copolymer
type: Concept
alternative label: SBR
alternative label: Styrene-butadiene Rubber
broader: Polymers
definition: Polymer made up of styrene and butadiene monomers, formula (C8H8)m(C4H6)n.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30601050
note: Styrene-butadiene copolymer is a synthetic rubber that is highly resistant to wear, the scale of its production is about six million tonnes per year.

Polybutadiene
type: Concept
alternative label: BR
alternative label: Butadiene Rubber
broader: Polymers
definition: Polymer made up of buta-1,3-diene monomers, formula (C4H6)n.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30601055
note: Polybutadiene is a synthetic rubber that is highly resistant to wear, the scale of its production is about two million tonnes per year.

Benzenoids
type: Concept
broader: Organic Compounds
definition: Aromatic compounds containing one or more benzene rings.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 306020

Benzene
type: Concept
broader: Benzenoids
definition: Compound of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each, formula C6H6.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30602010

Naphthalene
type: Concept
broader: Benzenoids
definition: Fusion of two benzene rings, formula C10H8.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30602015

Styrene
type: Concept
alternative label: Ethenylbenzene
alternative label: Phenylethene
broader: Benzenoids
definition: Derivative of benzene bearing a vinyl functional group (ethylene, ethene) at one position, formula C6H5CH=CH2.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30602017

Paraxylene
type: Concept
alternative label: p-Xylene
broad match: http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0004211
broader: Benzenoids
definition: Derivative of benzene bearing two methyl groups at the 1- and 4-positions. The most valued compound in mixed xylene (302060).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30602020

Terephthalic Acid
type: Concept
alternative label: PTA
broad match: http://classyfire.wishartlab.com/tax_nodes/C0001108
broader: Benzenoids
definition: Derivative of benzene bearing a carboxylic acid group at the 1- and 4-positions.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30602030

Alkanols and Polyols
type: Concept
broader: Organic Compounds
definition: Compounds that carry at least one hydroxyl functional group (bOH) bound to a saturated carbon atom.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 306030

Methanol
type: Concept
broader: Alkanols and Polyols
definition: Methanol or methyl alcohol.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30603010

Ethanol
type: Concept
broader: Alkanols and Polyols
definition: Ethanol or ethyl alcohol.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30603020
note: Ethanol is an alternative fuel source.

Ethylene Glycol
type: Concept
broader: Alkanols and Polyols
definition: Ethane-1,2-diol, formula (CH2OH)2.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30603025

Propanol
type: Concept
broader: Alkanols and Polyols
definition: Propanol or propyl alcohol.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30603030

Butanol
type: Concept
broader: Alkanols and Polyols
definition: Butanol or butyl alcohol.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 30603040

Fertilizer
type: Concept
broader: Materials
definition: Substances providing nutrients to plants.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 3070
scope note: This includes natural as well as synthetic fertilizers. Fertilizers may be distinct from liming materials or other non-nutrient soil amendments.

Urea
type: Concept
alternative label: Carbamide
broader: Fertilizer
definition: Compound of two -NH2 groups joined by a carbonyl group (C=O), formula CO(NH2)2.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 307010
note: Substance used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen (N).

Ammonia
type: Concept
broader: Fertilizer
definition: Compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, formula NH3.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 307012

Ammonium Nitrate
type: Concept
broader: Fertilizer
definition: Compound of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 307013

UAN
type: Concept
alternative label: Urea Ammonium Nitrate
broader: Fertilizer
definition: Solution of urea and ammonium nitrate in water.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 307015

DAP
type: Concept
alternative label: Diamidophosphate
broader: Fertilizer
definition: Ion with formula PO2(NH2)2-.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 307020

MAP
type: Concept
alternative label: Monoammonium phosphate
broader: Fertilizer
definition: Compound of ammonium (NH4+) and dihydrogen phosphate (PO2(OH)2-).
in scheme: comcat
notation: 307025

Potash
type: Concept
broader: Fertilizer
definition: Various mined and manufactured salts that contain potassium in water-soluble form.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 307030
note: Potash is produced worldwide in amounts exceeding 90 million tonnes (40 million tonnes K2O equivalent) per year, mostly for use in fertilizer. Various kinds of fertilizer-potash constitute the single greatest industrial use of the element potassium in the world. Potassium was first derived in 1807 by electrolysis of caustic potash (potassium hydroxide).

Pesticide
type: Concept
broader: Materials
definition: Substances meant to control pests.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 3080
scope note: Any chemical (such as carbamate) or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium, or fungus) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, molluscs, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors.

Herbicide
type: Concept
broader: Pesticide
definition: Substance to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 308010

Insecticide
type: Concept
broader: Pesticide
definition: Substance to control insects by targeting insect eggs or larvae.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 308020

Nematicide
type: Concept
broader: Pesticide
definition: Substance to control plant-parasitic nematodes.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 308030

Bactericide
type: Concept
broader: Pesticide
definition: Substance to control bacteria.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 308040

Fungicide
type: Concept
broader: Pesticide
definition: Substance to control parasitic fungi or their spores.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 308050

Animal Repellent
type: Concept
broader: Pesticide
definition: Specific animal repellents, in particular molluscicides, piscicides, avicides, and rodenticides.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 308060

Commoditized
type: Concept
definition: Commoditized goods are tradables that have been made fungible by standardisation.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 40
top concept of: comcat

Freight
type: Concept
broader: Commoditized
definition: Contractual arrangements for carrying cargo, voyage charter, contract of affreightment, time charter and the bareboat charter.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 4010

Wet Freight
type: Concept
broader: Freight
definition: Cargo carried by tanker at a freight rate.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 401010

Dirty Freight
type: Concept
broader: Wet Freight
definition: Tanker for dirty loads, i.e. crude oils.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 40101010
scope note: TDx at the Baltic Exchange

Clean Freight
type: Concept
broader: Wet Freight
definition: Tanker for clean loads, i.e. refined products excluding gases.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 40101020
scope note: TCx at the Baltic Exchange

Gas Freight
type: Concept
broader: Wet Freight
definition: Tanker for gas loads, i.e. liquefied natural gas or petroleum gas.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 40101030
scope note: BLNGx, BLPGx at the Baltic Exchange

Container Freight
type: Concept
broader: Freight
definition: Cargoes on a per container basis.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 401020
scope note: FBXx at the Baltic Exchange

Dry Bulk Freight
type: Concept
broader: Freight
definition: Bulk cargoes on a time-charter or tonne voyage basis.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 401025
scope note: Cx, Px, Sx, HSx at the Baltic Exchange

Air Freight
type: Concept
broader: Freight
definition: Freight shipped in an aircraft.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 401030

Cargo Spread
type: Concept
broader: Freight
definition: Premium of one freight rate over another to a different location, or with different shipping agreements.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 401050

Weather
type: Concept
broader: Commoditized
definition: Financial instrument to reduce risk associated with adverse or unexpected weather conditions.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 4020

Temperature
type: Concept
broader: Weather
definition: An aggregate of (average, trimmed mean, daily high, daily low) temperature as measured by a (set of) reference weather stations over a pre-defined time period. Sometimes capped/floored under the name heating degree days/cooling degree days, respectively.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 402010

Rainfall
type: Concept
broader: Weather
definition: Product that tracks the (average, trimmed mean, minimum, maxium, ...) rainfall in a region over a predefined time period.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 402020

Catastrophe
type: Concept
broader: Weather
definition: Product that tracks damages incurred by abnormal weather conditions or their consequences such as typhoons, hurricanes, or floods.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 402030
scope note: It is permissible to classify non-weather related catastrophes here, e.g. bush fires, earthquakes, or volcano eruptions.

Emissions
type: Concept
broader: Commoditized
definition: Permits and allowances in writing issued by a central authority (usually a governmental body) that allow a discharge of a specific quantity of a specific pollutant over a set time period.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 4030
note: Polluters are required to hold permits in amount equal to their emissions. Polluters that want to increase their emissions must buy permits from others willing to sell them.

CO2 permits
type: Concept
broader: Emissions
definition: Permits and allowances specifically for carbon dioxide (CO2) emission.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 403010

NOx permits
type: Concept
broader: Emissions
definition: Permits and allowances specifically for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 403020

SO2 permits
type: Concept
broader: Emissions
definition: Permits and allowances specifically for sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 403030

Renewable Energy Credits/Guarantee of Origin
type: Concept
alternative label: GO
alternative label: REC
broader: Emissions
definition: Tradable, non-tangible energy commodities that represent proof that 1 megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity was generated from an eligible renewable energy resource and was fed into the shared system of power lines which transport energy.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 403040
scope note: Tracking instruments as outlined in <https://resource-solutions.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/The-Legal-Basis-for-RECs.pdf>, or following article 15 of the European Directive 2009/28/EC, or similar.

Renewable Identification Number
type: Concept
alternative label: RIN
broader: Emissions
definition: Tradable tracking instrument generated by the production of biofuels to verify refiner or obligated party compliance with the blending requirements of the Renewable Fuel Standard.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 403042

Emission Reduction Unit/Certified Emission Reduction
type: Concept
alternative label: CER
alternative label: ERU
broader: Emissions
definition: Emission Reduction Unit that represents a reduction of greenhouse gases under the Joint Implementation mechanism, where it represents one tonne of CO2 equivalent reduced.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 403050

Commercial Water Rights
type: Concept
broader: Commoditized
definition: Ownership interest in water.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 4040

Diversion Rights
type: Concept
broader: Commercial Water Rights
definition: Entitlement to divert a river or pump water from a river or lake.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 404010

Groundwater Rights
type: Concept
broader: Commercial Water Rights
definition: Entitlement to pump groundwater above a certain level.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 404020

Surface Storage Reservoir Rights
type: Concept
broader: Commercial Water Rights
definition: Entitlement to use the water in a surface storage reservoir.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 404030

Treated Wastewater Rights
type: Concept
broader: Commercial Water Rights
definition: Entitlement to use treated wastewater.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 404040

Tax and Duties
type: Concept
broader: Commoditized
definition: Levy on specific commodities, financial transactions, estates, etc. rather than being a direct imposition on individuals or corporations such income or property taxes.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 4050

Financials
type: Concept
definition: Product whose underlying is, generally, non-physical.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 50
top concept of: comcat

Money
type: Concept
broader: Financials
definition: Money is characterised by the following properties (1) a medium of exchange, (2) a unit of account, (3) a store of value, (4) a standard of deferred payment.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 5010

Currency
type: Concept
broader: Money
definition: Currency excluding privately issued (digital) currency and notes.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 501010

Currency Variance
type: Concept
broader: Money
definition: Product that tracks the variance or volatility of currency pairs.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 501015

Digital Currency
type: Concept
broader: Money
definition: Digital currency including virtual currencies or cryptocurrencies.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 501020

Currency Basket
type: Concept
broader: Money
definition: Portfolio of selected currencies with a preagreed weighting.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 501080

Fixed Income
type: Concept
broader: Financials
definition: Tradeable debt or rate instrument that provides a return in the form of fixed periodic interest payments and/or the eventual return of principal at maturity.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 5020

Sovereign bond
type: Concept
alternative label: Government bonds
broader: Fixed Income
definition: Debt security issued by a government to fund government spending.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 502010

Sovereign bond variance
type: Concept
broader: Fixed Income
definition: Product that tracks the variance or volatility of debt securities issued by a government.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 502015

STIR
type: Concept
broader: Fixed Income
definition: Rates with tenors of up to 12 months.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 502020

IRS
type: Concept
broader: Fixed Income
definition: Interest rate swaps, vanilla, basis, etc.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 502030

FRA
type: Concept
broader: Fixed Income
definition: Forward rate agreement, one payment of an IRS.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 502032

OIS
type: Concept
broader: Fixed Income
definition: Overnight Index Swaps, float/float or compounded.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 502035

Inflation-linked Security
type: Concept
broader: Fixed Income
definition: Securities that offset or are linked to a predefined inflation index, e.g. a coupon that adds realised inflation during the interest accrual period.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 502040

FI Basket
type: Concept
broader: Money
definition: Product that tracks the performance of a basket of fixed-income securities, e.g. a bond index.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 502080
scope note: A basket of FRAs shall be classified IRS, a basket that is a strip of STIRs shall be classified as STIR.

Equity
type: Concept
broader: Financials
definition: Ownership of assets that may have debt and liabilities attached to them.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 5030

Single Stock
type: Concept
broader: Equity
definition: Derivative products with a single stock or ETF as underlying.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 503010

Dividend
type: Concept
broader: Equity
definition: Product that tracks the dividend of a stock or stock index.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 503020

Variance
type: Concept
broader: Equity
definition: Product that tracks the variance or volatility of a stock or stock index.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 503030

Stock Index
type: Concept
broader: Equity
definition: Product that tracks the performance of stock indices.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 503080

Real Estate
type: Concept
broader: Financials
definition: Property consisting of land and the buildings on it, along with its natural resources such as crops, minerals or water.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 5040

REIT
type: Concept
broader: Real Estate
definition: Product that track the performance of a REIT.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 504010

Property Market Indicator
type: Concept
broader: Real Estate
definition: Product that track some quality of properties, e.g. rents or average sales prices in a particular area.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 504020

Property Portfolio
type: Concept
broader: Real Estate
definition: Derivative product with a basket of properties or REITs as underlying.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 504080

Other Financial
type: Concept
broader: Financials
definition: Generally non-deliverable product that cannot be classified elsewhere.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 5090

Commodity Index
type: Concept
broader: Financials
definition: Non-deliverable product that tracks the performance of a basket of commodities.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 509080

Other Index
type: Concept
broader: Financials
definition: Product over an index that cannot be categorised elsewhere.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 509090

Ephemerals
type: Concept
definition: Ephemerals are products for the purpose of transition or testing, they might be temporary or not tradable at all.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 90
top concept of: comcat

Test
type: Concept
broader: Ephemerals
definition: Product that can be bought and sold without delivery or payment.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 9080

Unclassified
type: Concept
broader: Ephemerals
definition: Catch-all category, to be used when no other category fits but it needs to be documented that classification has been tried.
in scheme: comcat
notation: 9090