A taxonomy concerned with the collection of traded commodities for use by the global financial community. Taxons are assigned a numeric code across up to four tiers of hierarchy: the class of commodity, the category within the class, and the kind of commodity within the category, possibly extended with the sub-kind. The list of traded commodities, be it standard listed products or products traded OTC, is constantly monitored for the purpose of regular revisions to the standard.
A commodity is an economic good or service that has full or substantial fungibility, i.e the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them.
This taxonomy (broadly) follows industry's vocabularies, such as FAO's agrovoc, various tariff systems, or the STW thesaurus. It is made by market participants who needed a single fine-grained classification system instead of choosing between several domain-specific ones or a single coarse one.
Taxonomy for traded commodities
Copyright (c) 2022 GA Financial Solutions GmbH
Hard commodities, or hards, are commodities that, generally, are mined, rather than grown.
Hards
Commodities that deal specifically with the trade and supply of energy.
Energy
Products associated with the extraction and processing of crude oil.
Crude Products
Raw, unprocessed blend of various petroleum products. Highly volatile components are traded as Natural Gas (101020).
Crude Oil
Product that tracks the variance or volatility of crude oil.
Crude Variance
Booked pipeline capacity for the purpose of oil transfers.
Crude Transfer
Booked storage capacity for the purpose of deferring transfer or refining.
Crude Storage
Premium of one oil over another due to chemical composition, freight or storage costs.
Crude Premium
Premium of a component extracted from a crude oil over the crude oil itself. Also includes combinations of components, e.g. the 3-2-1 crack spread.
Crack Spread
Naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture of higher alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, others), sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.
Natural Gas
Processed natural gas, or gas from petro-chemical processes, that is close to pure methane or pure ethane.
Purified Natural Gas
Product that tracks the variance or volatility of natural gas.
Natural Gas Variance
LNG
Natural gas or purified natural gas that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transfer.
Liquefied Natural Gas
LPG
Flammable hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles. Either propane or butane or a mixture of roughly equal amounts thereof. Pentane, propylene, butylenes and various other hydrocarbons are usually also present in small concentrations. Standardised in EN 589.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Condy
Low-density mixture of hydrocarbons present in raw natural gas cooled down below the hydrocarbon dew point.
Natural Gas Condensate
Baseload of gas delivered uniformly over a specified period of time (Time of delivery, TOD) through one or more designated hubs.
Gas Baseload
Booked capacity for the purpose of gas transfers.
Pipeline capacity
Premium of one gas over another due to chemical composition, freight or storage costs.
Gas Premium
This category is also used on spreads between hubs (delivery points).
Premium of gas (possibly including emission rights) used to produce power over baseload electricity.
Spark Spread
Petrochemicals derived from crude oil when processed in oil refineries. This explicitly excludes chemical compounds produced in biochemical or (non-petro) industrial processes, e.g. ethanol from fermentation, or methanol from catalytic gas synthesis.
Refined Products
Fuel oil that is primarily used for heating. Chemically very similar to diesel (gasoil, the motor fuel) which is why imarkers, e.g. Yellow 124 in the EU, might have been added.
Heating Oil
Petrol
Petroleum-derived flammable liquid used primarily as a motor fuel, obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives.
On average, a 160-liter (42-U.S.-gallon) barrel of crude oil can yield up to about 72 liters (19 U.S. gallons) of gasoline, depending on the crude oil assay and on what other refined products are also extracted. Additives improve chemical stability and performance characteristics, control corrosiveness, and provide fuel system cleaning. Gasoline may contain oxygen-containing chemicals such as ethanol, MTBE, or ETBE to improve combustion.
Gasoline
Jet Fuel
Paraffin
Combustible hydrocarbon liquid widely used widely used as aviation fuel.
Kerosene
Gas Oil
Petrodiesel
Any liquid fuel specifically designed for use in diesel engines
Diesel
Standardised in EN 590 (EU)
Bunker
Fuel Oil
HFO
HSFO
NSFO
Any type of fuel oil used aboard water vessels. Usually bunker B or bunker C, also known as No. 5 or No. 6 respectively.
Marine Fuel
Flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture produced from natural gas condensates, petroleum distillates, and the distillation of coal tar and peat.
In different industries and regions naphtha may also be crude oil or refined products such as kerosene. It is also known as Shellite in Australia.
Naphtha
Spread between different refined products that determines the premium of one oil over the other due to chemical composition, freight or storage costs.
Visco Spread
Any other petrochemicals.
Other Refined Products
Combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams.
Coal
Hard Coal
Coal variety with the highest carbon content and the highest energy density.
Anthracite
Black Coal
Thermal Coal
Coal with bitumen or asphalt, second highest ranking coal. Widely used as a thermal coal.
Bituminous Coal
Lower grade of coal with 35%-45% carbon. Widely used as a thermal coal.
Sub-Bituminous Coal
The properties of this type are between those of lignite, the lowest grade of coal, and those of bituminous coal, the second-highest grade of coal. Sub-bituminous coal is primarily used as a fuel for steam-electric power generation.
Brown Coal
Soft coal with a relatively low heat content, used almost exclusively as a fuel for steam-electric power generation.
Lignite
Made from thermal coal or oil in the absence of air, a process known as coking. May also be formed naturally by geologic processes.
Coke
Energy derived from electric potential energy or kinetic energy, supplied by the combination of electric current and electric potential that is delivered by an electrical circuit
Electricity
The minimum level of demand on an electrical grid over a span of time, met by unvarying power plants, dispatchable generation, or by a collection of smaller intermittent energy sources.
Base Load
Period in the load profile where demand is significantly higher than minimum supply level. Fluctuations may occur from hour to hour. Met by intermittent energy sources.
Peak Load
Period in the load profile that shows nearly no peaks, typically the night, met by unvarying power plants.
Off-peak
Upwards or downwards flank between off-peak and on-peak demand covered by special load following plants.
Shoulder
Entitles the holder to receive compensation when the spot price (possibly including transmission charges) goes below/above a strike price.
Floor/Cap
Entitles the holder to receive compensation for congestion charges across an energy path.
Transmission Rights
This category is also used on spreads between hubs (delivery points) provided the legs' delivery times (peak/off-peak), or profiles (base/peak), or power sources (hydro/spark) are identical.
Rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical element of high economic value. Chemically, less reactive than most elements.
Precious Metal
Bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. One of the least reactive chemical elements. Solid under standard conditions.
As of 2017, the world's largest gold producer by far was China with 440 tonnes per year.
Gold
Product that tracks the variance or volatility of spot gold.
Gold Variance
Soft, white, lustrous transition metal, exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. Solid under standard conditions.
Silver
Product that tracks the variance or volatility of spot silver.
Silver Variance
Dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal.
Used in catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewelry. Being a heavy metal, it leads to health problems upon exposure to its salts; but due to its corrosion resistance, metallic platinum has not been linked to adverse health effects. Compounds containing platinum, such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin, are applied in chemotherapy against certain types of cancer.
Platinum
Rare and lustrous silvery-white metal with the lowest melting point and is the least density of platinum group elements.
Used in catalytic converters, electronics, dentistry, medicine, hydrogen purification, chemical applications, groundwater treatment, and jewelry. Key component of fuel cells, which react hydrogen with oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water.
Palladium
Very rare, very hard, very dense, brittle, silvery-white transition metal.
Second-densest metal (after osmium). One of the rarest elements in Earth's crust, with annual production and consumption of only three tonnes. Iridium metal is employed when high corrosion resistance at high temperatures is needed, as in high-performance spark plugs, crucibles for recrystallization of semiconductors at high temperatures, and electrodes for the production of chlorine in the chloralkali process. Iridium radioisotopes are used in some radioisotope thermoelectric generators.
Iridium
Ultra-rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant, and chemically inert transition metal.
Found in platinum or nickel ores together with the other members of the platinum group metals. Used as catalyst in three-way catalytic converters in automobiles. Because rhodium metal is inert against corrosion and most aggressive chemicals, and because of its rarity, rhodium is usually alloyed with platinum or palladium and applied in high-temperature and corrosion-resistive coatings. White gold is often plated with a thin rhodium layer to improve its appearance while sterling silver is often rhodium-plated for tarnish resistance. Rhodium is sometimes used to cure silicones; a two-part silicone in which one part containing a silicon hydride and the other containing a vinyl-terminated silicone are mixed. One of these liquids contains a rhodium complex. Rhodium detectors are used in nuclear reactors to measure the neutron flux level. Other uses of rhodium include asymmetric hydrogenation used to form drug precursors and the processes for the production of acetic acid.
Rhodium
Rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group, inert to most other chemicals.
Annual production in 2017 was 35.5 tonnes. Used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors, as the capping layer for extreme ultraviolet photomasks. Ruthenium is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa.
Ruthenium
Hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group.
Found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element. Used in fountain pen nib tipping, electrical contacts, and in other applications that require extreme durability and hardness. Osmium is among the rarest elements in the Earth's crust, making up only 50 parts per trillion (ppt).
Osmium
Precious metals expressed in terms of other precious metals, e.g. XAUXAG, XAUXPT, etc.
ISO officially assigned currency codes to gold, silver, platinum, and palladium (XAU, XAG, XPT, XPL), by extension unofficial codes for other precious metals are XRH, XIR, XOS, XRU.
Precious Metal Cross
Product that tracks the variance or volatility of precious metal.
Precious Metal Variance
Non-ferrous Metal
Common and inexpensive non-ferrous metals, as opposed to precious metals.
Base Metal
Soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity.
A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement.
Copper
Alloy of copper and zinc.
Brass
Alloy of copper and tin.
Bronze
Silvery-white, soft, non-magnetic and ductile metal in the boron group.
Aluminium is remarkable for its low density and its ability to resist corrosion through the phenomenon of passivation. Aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and important in transportation and building industries, such as building facades and window frames. The oxides and sulfates are the most useful compounds of aluminium. Despite its prevalence in the environment, no living organism is known to use aluminium salts metabolically, but aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals. Because of these salts' abundance, the potential for a biological role for them is of continuing interest, and studies continue.
Aluminium
NASAAC
Aluminium alloy conforming to the LME NA380.1 specification which is a modification of The Aluminium Association Inc. A380.1 specification (1989). The alloy has a composition of 8.50%-9.50% Si, 3.00%-3.50% Cu, 0.80%-1.00% Fe, a maximum of 3.00% Zn, a maximum of 1.80% sludge (Fe + 2Mn + 3Cr), a maximum of 0.50% Ni, a maximum of 0.45% Mn, a maximum of 0.10% Mg, Sn, Pb, Ti, and Cr each.
North American Special Aluminum Alloy
Slightly brittle metal at room temperature, blue-silvery appearance when oxidation is removed.
Zinc
Silvery-white, hard, ductile, lustrous transition metal with a slight golden tinge.
Nickel is one of four elements (the others are iron, cobalt, and gadolinium) that are ferromagnetic at approximately room temperature. About 68% of world production is used in stainless steel. A further 10% is used for nickel-based and copper-based alloys, 7% for alloy steels, 3% in foundries, 9% in plating and 4% in other applications, including the fast-growing battery sector, including those in electric vehicles (EVs). As a compound, nickel has a number of niche chemical manufacturing uses, such as a catalyst for hydrogenation, cathodes for batteries, pigments and metal surface treatments. Nickel is an essential nutrient for some microorganisms and plants that have enzymes with nickel as an active site.
Nickel
Silvery metal that characteristically has a faint yellow hue, soft enough to be cut without much force
Obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains stannic oxide, SnO2. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element on Earth and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table, thanks to its magic number of protons. It has two main allotropes: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is beta-tin, a silvery-white, malleable metal, but at low temperatures, it transforms into the less dense grey alpha-tin, which has the diamond cubic structure. Metallic tin does not easily oxidize in air. Tin is used in many alloys, most notably tin / lead soft solders, which are typically 60% or more tin, and in the manufacture of transparent, electrically conducting films of indium tin oxide in optoelectronic applications. Another large application for tin is corrosion-resistant tin plating of steel. Because of the low toxicity of inorganic tin, tin-plated steel is widely used for food packaging as tin cans. However, some organotin compounds can be almost as toxic as cyanide.
Tin
Heavy, soft, malleable, and relatively unreactive post-transition metal with a relatively low melting point, silvery with a hint of blue when freshly cut, tarnishes to a dull grey when exposed to air.
Lead's weak metallic character is illustrated by its amphoteric nature; lead and lead oxides react with acids and bases, and it tends to form covalent bonds. Compounds of lead are usually found in the +2 oxidation state rather than the +4 state common with lighter members of the carbon group. Exceptions are mostly limited to organolead compounds. Like the lighter members of the group, lead tends to bond with itself; it can form chains and polyhedral structures. Lead's high density, low melting point, ductility and relative inertness to oxidation make it useful. These properties, combined with its relative abundance and low cost, resulted in its extensive use in construction, plumbing, batteries, bullets and shot, weights, solders, pewters, fusible alloys, white paints, leaded gasoline, and radiation shielding.
Lead
Traded almost exclusively as titanium dioxide. Lustrous transition metal with a silver colour, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.
Occurs within a number of mineral deposits, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere; it is found in almost all living things, as well as bodies of water, rocks, and soils. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll and Hunter processes. The most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a component of smoke screens and catalysts; and titanium trichloride (TiCl3), which is used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene. Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, and molybdenum, among other elements, to produce strong, lightweight alloys for aerospace (jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft), military, industrial processes (chemicals and petrochemicals, desalination plants, pulp, and paper), automotive, agriculture (farming), medical prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental and endodontic instruments and files, dental implants, sporting goods, jewelry, mobile phones, and other applications. The two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and strength-to-density ratio, the highest of any metallic element. In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as some steels, but less dense.
Titanium
Iron and iron-related metals, or alloys that contain iron or iron-related metals, such as steel or pig iron.
Ferrous Metal
Obtained by smelting iron ore in a blast furnace as intermediate product in the production of steel.
Pig Iron
Alloy of iron with typically a few percent of carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance, or 11% of chromium to produce corrosion and oxidation resistant stainless steel.
Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances, and weapons. Iron is the base metal of steel and it can take on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms): body centred cubic and face-centred cubic. These forms depend on temperature. In the body-centred cubic arrangement, there is an iron atom in the centre and eight atoms at the vertices of each cubic unit cell; in the face-centred cubic, there is one atom at the centre of each of the six faces of the cubic unit cell and eight atoms at its vertices. It is the interaction of the allotropes of iron with the alloying elements, primarily carbon, that gives steel and cast iron their range of unique properties.
Steel
Rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark grey, bright yellow, or deep purple to rusty red. The iron is usually found in the form of magnetite (Fe3O4, 72.4% Fe), hematite (Fe2O3, 69.9% Fe), goethite (FeO(OH), 62.9% Fe), limonite (FeO(OH)·n(H2O), 55% Fe) or siderite (FeCO3, 48.2% Fe).
Ores containing very high quantities of hematite or magnetite (greater than about 60% iron) are known as "natural ore" or "direct shipping ore", meaning they can be fed directly into iron-making blast furnaces. Iron ore is the raw material used to make pig iron, which is one of the main raw materials to make steel---98% of the mined iron ore is used to make steel. In 2011 the Financial Times has speculated that iron ore is "more integral to the global economy than any other commodity, except perhaps oil.
Iron Ore
Iron and steel scrap from automobiles, trains, ships, bridges, buildings, railway rails and fasteners, or farming equipment.
Ferrous scrap is the most recycled material in the world. The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that 65 million metric tons of iron and steel scrap was processed around the world in 2016. Ferrous scrap comes from many consumer products like automobiles or household appliances, or from industrial structures and equipment such as buildings, railroads, trains, bridges, ships, and farming equipment.
Ferrous Scrap
Sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content. The world's main source of aluminium and gallium. Used as flux in blast furnaces for smelting.
Bauxite
Hard, brittle, silvery transition metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. Alloys are used in stainless steels. It improves strength, workability, and resistance to wear.
Manganese oxide is used as an oxidising agent; as a rubber additive; and in glass making, fertilisers, and ceramics. Manganese sulfate can be used as a fungicide.
Manganese
Silvery metal with a grey cast.
Molybdenum does not occur naturally as a free metal on Earth; it is found only in various oxidation states in minerals. As free element molybdenum has the sixth-highest melting point of any element. It readily forms hard, stable carbides in alloys, and for this reason most of world production of the element (about 80%) is used in steel alloys, including high-strength alloys and superalloys.
Molybdenum
Main additive in stainless steel adding anti-corrosive properties.
Chromium is also highly valued as a metal that is able to be highly polished while resisting tarnishing. Polished chromium reflects almost 70% of the visible spectrum, with almost 90% of infrared light being reflected.
Chromium
Metals that are not abundant and mostly extracted as a by-product.
Rare Metal
Uranium oxide or Uranium fluoride, extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.
Uranium-235 is the only naturally occurring fissile isotope, which makes it widely used in nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons. However, because of the tiny amounts found in nature, uranium needs to undergo enrichment so that enough uranium-235 is present. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is studied for future industrial use in nuclear technology. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating. Uranium is used as a colorant in uranium glass, producing lemon yellow to green colors. Uranium glass fluoresces green in ultraviolet light. It was also used for tinting and shading in early photography.
Uranium
Cobalt 99.8%, cobalt standard grade, cobalt alloy grade, cobalt hydroxide 0%, cobalt sulfate 20.5%, or cobalt tetroxide 72.6%.
Cobalt is primarily used in lithium-ion batteries, and in the manufacture of magnetic, wear-resistant and high-strength alloys. The compounds cobalt silicate and cobalt(II) aluminate (CoAl2O4, cobalt blue) give a distinctive deep blue color to glass, ceramics, inks, paints and varnishes. Cobalt occurs naturally as only one stable isotope, cobalt-59. Cobalt-60 is a commercially important radioisotope, used as a radioactive tracer and for the production of high-energy gamma rays.
Cobalt
Lithium carbonate 99%, or Lithium hydroxide monohydrate 56.5%.
Lithium and its compounds have several industrial applications, including heat-resistant glass and ceramics, lithium grease lubricants, flux additives for iron, steel and aluminium production, lithium batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. These uses consume more than three-quarters of lithium production.
Lithium
Bismuth 99.99% extracted from ores containing bismuth oxide or sulfide
It is a brittle metal with a silvery white color when freshly produced, but surface oxidation can give it an iridescent tinge in numerous colours. Bismuth is the most naturally diamagnetic element, and has one of the lowest values of thermal conductivity among metals.
Bismuth
Tungsten extracted from tungsten concentrate or tungsten(VI) oxide (WO3)
It is remarkable for its robustness, especially the fact that it has the highest melting point of all known elements, melting at 3,695 K. It also has the highest boiling point, at 6203 K. Its density is 19.254 g/cm3, comparable with that of uranium and gold, and much higher (about 1.7 times) than that of lead. Polycrystalline tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material (under standard conditions, when uncombined), making it difficult to work into metal. However, pure single-crystalline tungsten is more ductile and can be cut with a hard-steel hacksaw.
Tungsten
Soft commodities, or softs, are commodities that, generally, are grown, rather than mined. Furthermore, softs in this concept scheme are primarily for consumption, i.e. distinct from Materials.
Softs
Any grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain. Cereal grain crops are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop and are therefore staple crops. Edible grains from other plant families, such as buckwheat, quinoa and chia, are referred to as pseudocereals.
Cereals
Corn
Cereal grain with a leafy stalk that produces pollen inflorescences and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits.
Maize has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total production of maize surpassing that of wheat or rice. In addition to being consumed directly by humans (often in the form of masa), maize is also used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other maize products, such as corn starch and corn syrup.
Maize
Seed of the grass species Oryza glaberrima (African rice) or Oryza sativa (Asian rice).
As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia and Africa. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production (rice, 741.5 million tonnes in 2014), after sugarcane (1.9 billion tonnes) and maize (1.0 billion tonnes).
Rice
Cereal grain in the genus Triticum; the most widely grown is common wheat (T. aestivum).
Wheat
Pasta Wheat
Tetraploid species of wheat, second most cultivated species of wheat after common wheat, predominant wheat of the Middle East.
Durum in Latin means "hard", and the species is the hardest of all wheats. This refers to the resistance of the grain to milling, in particular of the starchy endosperm, implying dough made from its flour is weak or "soft". This makes durum favorable for semolina and pasta and less practical for flour, which requires more work than with hexaploid wheats like common bread wheats. Despite its high protein content, durum is not a strong wheat in the sense of giving strength to dough through the formation of a gluten network. Durum contains 27% extractable wet gluten, about 3% higher than in common wheat (T. aestivum L.).
Durum
Major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally; Hordeum vulgare, a member of the grass family.
Barley has been used as animal fodder, as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various health foods. It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into malt in a traditional and ancient method of preparation. In 2017, barley was ranked fourth among grains in quantity produced (149 million tonnes) behind maize, rice and wheat.
Barley
Cereal grain in the Avena genus (Avena sativa).
While oats are suitable for human consumption as oatmeal and oat milk, one of the most common uses is as livestock feed. Oats are associated with lower blood cholesterol when consumed regularly.
Oats
Grain of an annual cereal, some cultivars are perennial, in the Sorghum genus ranging from 2 to 4 mm in diameter.
Primarily grown for forage, syrup production, and ethanol. The leading producers of S. bicolor in 2011 were Nigeria (12.6%), India (11.2%), Mexico (11.2%), and the United States (10.0%). Sorghum grows in a wide range of temperatures, high altitudes, and toxic soils, and can recover growth after some drought. It has five features that make it one of the most drought-resistant crops: - It has a very large root-to-leaf surface area ratio. - In times of drought, it rolls its leaves to lessen water loss by transpiration. - If drought continues, it goes into dormancy rather than dying. - Its leaves are protected by a waxy cuticle. - It uses C4 carbon fixation thus using only a third the amount of water that C3 plants require.
Sorghum
Bajra
Kambu
Sajjey
Grain of Pennisetum glaucum, ovoid, of 3-4 mm length, nearly white, pale yellow, brown, grey, slate blue or purple.
Pearl millet is well adapted to growing areas characterized by drought, low soil fertility, and high temperature. It performs well in soils with high salinity or low pH. Because of its tolerance to difficult growing conditions, it can be grown in areas where other cereal crops, such as maize or wheat, would not survive. Pearl millet is a summer annual crop well-suited for double cropping and rotations.
Pearl Millet
Grain of the cereal of the Triticeae tribe in the Secale genus.
Rye grain is used for flour, bread, beer, crispbread, some whiskeys, some vodkas, and animal fodder. It can also be eaten whole, either as boiled rye berries or by being rolled, similar to rolled oats.
Rye
Hybrid of wheat (female) and rye (male).
Almost always a second-generation hybrid, i.e., a cross between two kinds of primary (first-cross) triticales. As a rule, triticale combines the yield potential and grain quality of wheat with the disease and environmental tolerance (including soil conditions) of rye. Only recently has it been developed into a commercially viable crop. Grown mostly for forage or fodder, although some triticale-based foods can be purchased at health food stores and can be found in some breakfast cereals. The primary producers of triticale are Poland, Germany, Belarus, France and Russia. In 2014, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 17.1 million tons were harvested in 37 countries across the world. The triticale hybrids are all amphidiploid, which means the plant is diploid for two genomes derived from different species. In other words, triticale is an allotetraploid. In earlier years, most work was done on octoploid triticale. Different ploidy levels have been created and evaluated over time. The tetraploids showed little promise, but hexaploid triticale was successful enough to find commercial application. The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center triticale improvement program was intended to improve food production and nutrition in developing countries. Triticale was thought to have potential in the production of bread and other food products, such as cookies, pasta, pizza dough and breakfast cereals. The protein content is higher than that of wheat, although the glutenin fraction is less. The grain has also been stated to have higher levels of lysine than wheat. Acceptance would require the milling industry to adapt to triticale, as the milling techniques employed for wheat are unsuited to triticale. Past research indicated that triticale could be used as a feed grain and, particularly, later research found that its starch is readily digested. As a feed grain, triticale is already well established and of high economic importance. It has received attention as a potential energy crop, and research is currently being conducted on the use of the crop's biomass in bioethanol production.
Triticale
Intercommodity spread between grains, or grains and oilseeds.
Grain Inter Spread
Cereals and grains of minor economic importance.
Other Cereals and Pseudocereals
Grain-like seeds of a pseudocereal in the genus Fagopyrum.
Buckwheat is referred to as a pseudocereal because its seeds' culinary use is the same as cereals', owing to their composition of complex carbohydrates.
Buckwheat
Seeds of a flowering plant in the amaranth family.
The seeds are rich in protein, dietary fiber, B vitamins, and dietary minerals in amounts greater than in many grains. Quinoa is not a grass, but rather a pseudocereal botanically related to spinach and amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), and originated in the Andean region of northwestern South America. It was first used to feed livestock 5.2-7.0 thousand years ago, and for human consumption-4 thousand years ago in the Lake Titicaca basin of Peru and Bolivia. Today, almost all production in the Andean region is done by small farms and associations. Its cultivation has spread to more than 70 countries, including Kenya, India, the United States, and several European countries. As a result of increased popularity and consumption in North America, Europe, and Australasia, quinoa crop prices tripled between 2006 and 2014.
Quinoa
Plants that are grown primarily for their oil. The oil may be used for cooking, as food additives, or processed into oleochemicals, e.g. as a substitute for petroleum-based fuels. Some may be also used for cosmetics, medical purposes, wood finishing, oil painting and other industrial purposes.
Oil-Bearing Crops
Beans of Glycine max, a species of legume native to East Asia.
Traditional unfermented food uses of soybeans include soy milk, from which tofu and tofu skin are made. Fermented soy foods include soy sauce, fermented bean paste, natto, and tempeh. Fat-free (defatted) soybean meal is a significant and cheap source of protein for animal feeds and many packaged meals. For example, soybean products, such as textured vegetable protein (TVP), are ingredients in many meat and dairy substitutes. Soy beans contain significant amounts of phytic acid, dietary minerals and B vitamins. Soy vegetable oil, used in food and industrial applications, is another product of processing the soybean crop. Soybean is the most important protein source for feed farm animals (that in turn yields animal protein for human consumption).
Soybeans
Canola
Seed of rapeseed (Brassica napus subsp. napus), a bright-yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family)
The seed naturally contains appreciable amounts of toxic erucic acid. Canola are a group of rapeseed cultivars which were bred to have very low levels of erucic acid and are especially prized for use for human and animal food. Rapeseed is the third-largest source of vegetable oil and second-largest source of protein meal in the world.
Rapeseed
Fruit of oil palms in the Elaeis genus
The species is also now naturalised in Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, Central America, Cambodia, the West Indies, and several islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The closely related American oil palm Elaeis oleifera and a more distantly related palm, Attalea maripa, are also used to produce palm oil. Oil palms can produce much more oil per unit of land area than most other oil-producing plants (about nine time more than soy, and 4.5 times more than rapeseed).
Oil Palm Fruit
Drupe of the trees in the Cocos genus.
Trees grow up to 30 m (100 ft) tall and can yield up to 75 fruits per year, though fewer than 30 is more typical. Plants are intolerant of cold weather and prefer copious precipitation, as well as full sunlight. Many insect pests and diseases affect the species and are a nuisance for commercial production. About 75% of the world's supply of coconuts is produced by Indonesia, the Philippines, and India combined.
Coconuts
Seed of the cotton plant. This includes seeds with the attached lint.
Cottonseed
Seed of the plant Arachis hypogaea
Widely grown in the tropics and subtropics, being important to both small and large commercial producers. In botany, it is classified as both a grain legume and, due to its high oil content, an oil crop.
Groundnuts
Intercommodity spread between two oilseeds.
Oilseed Inter Spread
Spread between an oilseed and its oil or meal/cake.
Crush Spread
Members of a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants making up more than a quarter of all angiosperms with their about 70,000 species.
Other Rosid Seeds
Egusi
Seed of certain cucurbitaceous plants (squash, melon, gourd).
Authorities disagree whether the word is used more properly for the seeds of the colocynth, those of a particular large-seeded variety of the watermelon, or generically for those of any cucurbitaceous plant. The characteristics and uses of all these seeds are broadly similar. Major egusi-growing nations include Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, Benin, Nigeria, and Cameroon. Species from which egusi is derived include Cucumeropsis mannii and Citrullus lanatus.
Melonseed
Seed of a species of perennial flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae.
Castor is indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean Basin, Eastern Africa, and India, but is widespread throughout tropical regions (and widely grown elsewhere as an ornamental plant). Castor seed is the source of castor oil, which has a wide variety of uses. The seeds contain between 40% and 60% oil that is rich in triglycerides, mainly ricinolein. The seed also contains ricin, a water-soluble toxin, which is also present in lower concentrations throughout the plant.
Castor Beans
Fruit of Vernicia fordii, usually known as the tung tree, a species of Vernicia in the spurge family.
The tree is native to southern China, Burma, and northern Vietnam. It is a hard, woody pear-shaped berry 4 to 6 cm long and 3 to 5 cm in diameter, containing four or five large, oily seeds. The tung nut is green initially, becoming dull brown when it is ripe in autumn. Tung oil, or China wood oil, is extracted from the nut. Global production of the fruit rose from just over 100,000 tonnes in 1970 to almost 200,000 tonnes by 1980. Fruit yields are typically in the range of 4.5 to 5 tonnes per hectare. A number of cultivars have been selected for increased yield and small tree size, including 'Folsom', 'Cahl', 'Isabel', 'La Crosser', and 'Lampton'.
Tung Nuts
Small round seeds of various mustard plants, e.g. black mustard (Brassica nigra), brown Indian mustard (B. juncea), or white/yellow mustard (B. hirta/Sinapis alba).
Mustard seeds are a rich source of oil and protein. The seed has oil as high as 46-48%, and whole seed meal has 43.6% protein. Grinding and mixing the seeds with water, vinegar or other liquids creates the yellow condiment known as prepared mustard.
Mustard Seed
Seeds of Triadica sebifera as well as Triadica cochinchinensis.
Tallowtree is native to eastern China and Taiwan. It is commonly called Chinese tallow, Chinese tallowtree, Florida aspen, chicken tree, gray popcorn tree, or candleberry tree. It is relevant to biodiesel production because it is the third most productive vegetable oil producing crop in the world, after algae and oil palm. The leaves are used as herbal medicine to treat boils.
Tallowtree Seeds
Seed of the flax plant.
Depending on the sort they are brown or yellow in colour, taste nutty and contain about 40% oil.
Linseed
Seed of Cannabis sativa.
Hempseed
Fruit of Ceiba pentandra, a tropical tree of the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae.
The tree is native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, northern South America, and (as the variety Ceiba pentandra var guineensis) West Africa. A somewhat smaller variety was introduced to South and Southeast Asia, where it is cultivated. The fruit is famous for its cottonlike seed fibre, known as Java cotton. Its seeds are used to press a vegetable oil. The oil has a yellow colour and a pleasant, mild odour and taste, resembling cottonseed oil. It becomes rancid quickly when exposed to air. Kapok oil is produced in India, Indonesia and Malaysia. The oil has some potential as a biofuel and in paint preparation.
Kapok Fruit
Members of the largest group of flowering plant with more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species.
Other Asterid Seeds
Fruit of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus). There are three types of commonly used sunflower seeds: linoleic (most common), high oleic, and sunflower oil seeds.
For commercial purposes, sunflower seeds are usually classified by the pattern on their husks. If the husk is solid black, the seeds are called black oil sunflower seeds. The crops may be referred to as oilseed sunflower crops. Striped sunflower seeds are primarily eaten as a snack food; as a result, they may be called confectionery sunflower seeds. The term "sunflower seed" is actually a misnomer when applied to the seed in its pericarp (hull). Botanically speaking, it is a cypsela. When dehulled, the edible remainder is called the sunflower kernel or heart.
Sunflower Seed
Fruit of the olive tree, Olea europaea, an evergreen tree or shrub native to Mediterranean Europe, Asia, and Africa.
The species is cultivated in all the countries of the Mediterranean, as well as South America, South Africa, China, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, and the United States. Olea europaea is the type species for the genus Olea.
Olives
Safflower seed is the seed of Carthamus tinctorius, a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual plant in the family Asteraceae.
In 2020, global production of safflower seeds was 653,030 tonnes, led by Kazakhstan with 35% of the world total. Other significant producers were Russia and Mexico, with 28% of world production combined.
Safflower Seed
Seed of Sesamum indicum.
In 2020, world production of sesame seeds was 7 million metric tons (6,900,000 long tons; 7,700,000 short tons), led by Sudan, Myanmar, and Tanzania. The white and other lighter-coloured sesame seeds are common in Europe, the Americas, West Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. The black and darker-coloured sesame seeds are mostly produced in China and Southeast Asia. In the United States most sesame is raised by farmers under contract to Sesaco, which also supplies proprietary seed. Japan is the world's largest sesame importer. China is the second-largest importer of sesame, mostly oil-grade. China exports lower-priced food-grade sesame seeds, particularly to Southeast Asia. Other major importers are United States, Canada, Netherlands, Turkey, and France.
Sesame Seed
Shea Nuts
Seed of Butyrospermum parkii.
The tree that can get up to 300 years old. After 20 years it blooms for the first time and carries fruits, after 50 years it will carry an anual yield of about 20 kg of fruits. Farming and processing the fruit is traditionally done by hand. The falling shea fruits are collected from the savanna ground. They are then separated from the pulp, cleaned, and left out in the sun to dry. After a few days the nuts are cracked open, and the kernels are removed and dried bagain before the fat extraction can begin.
Karite Nuts
Any other oil seeds
Other Oilseeds
Seed obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).
Poppy Seed
Goat Nut
Seed of Simmondsia chinensis.
The shrub is native to the Southwestern United States. Jojoba is normally harvested by hand because seeds do not all mature in the same time. Yield is around 3.5 t/ha depending on the age of the plantation.
Jojoba
Vegetal oils and fats are extractions from the seed or other parts of fruits. They are mixtures of triglycerides, usually liquid at room temperature, and usually edible.
Vegetal Oils and Fats
Vegetal oil extracted from the seeds of the soybean (Glycine max).
Oil of Soybeans
Vegetal oil derived from a variety of rapeseed.
The oil's specific gravity varies between 0.9/12 and 0.920. The cake left after extraction of the oil is a valuable feed ingredient for pigs.
Oil of Rapeseed
CPO
Crude Palm Oil
Vegetal oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms.
Oil of Palm
Crude palm oil that has undergone some or all processes of refinement (neutralisation, bleaching, dewaxing, deodourising, fractionation, degumming). The PORAM standard specifies qualities and properties.
Processed Oil of Palm
Liquid fraction of crude palm oil that is then bleached, degummed, and deodourised.
RBD Palm Olein
Solid fraction of palm oil that is produced by partial crystallisation at controlled temperature.
Palm Stearin
By-product of neutralising crude palm oil.
Palm Acid Oil
PFAD
Fatty acids removed from CPO during RBD production.
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate
CPKO
Oil derived from the kernel of the fruit of oil palms.
Oil of Palm Kernel
Crude palm kernel oil that has undergone some or all processes of refinement (neutralisation, bleaching, dewaxing, deodourising, fractionation, degumming). The PORAM standard specifies qualities and properties.
Processed Oil of Palm Kernel
RBDPKO
Liquid fraction of crude palm kernel oil that is then bleached, degummed, and deodourised.
RBD Palm Kernel Oil
Solid fraction of palm kernel oil that is produced by partial crystallisation at controlled temperature.
Palm Kernel Stearin
By-product of neutralising crude palm kernel oil.
Palm Kernel Acid Oil
PKFAD
Fatty acids removed from CPKO during RBDPKO production.
Palm Kernel Fatty Acid Distillate
Oil of Copra
Oil extracted from the kernel or meat of mature coconuts.
Oil of Coconuts
Oil from the seeds of cotton plants of various species, mainly Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium herbaceum.
Oil of Cottonseed
Vegetal oil derived from groundnuts.
Oil of Groundnuts
Oil of oil seeds of the rosid clade
Other Rosid Oils
Ootanga Oil
Oil extracted by pressing the seeds of the Citrullus lanatus (watermelon).
Melon Seed Oil
Vegetal oil pressed from castor beans.
Castor oil and its derivatives are used in the manufacturing of soaps, lubricants, hydraulic and brake fluids, paints, dyes, coatings, inks, cold-resistant plastics, waxes and polishes, nylon, and perfumes.
Oil of Castor Beans
Oil made from castor oil by hydrogenation. The process saturates the alkenes, giving a waxy lubricant.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil
China wood oil
Oil obtained by pressing the seed from the nut of the tung tree (Vernicia fordii).
Tung oil hardens upon exposure to air (through polymerization), and the resulting coating is transparent and has a deep, almost wet look. Used mostly for finishing and protecting wood, after numerous coats, the finish can even look plastic-like. Related drying oils include linseed, safflower, poppy, and soybean oils.
Oil of Tung Nuts
Oil pressed from mustard seeds. Sale is restricted in some countries due to high levels of erucic acid.
Oil makes up about 30% of the mustard seeds. It can be produced from black mustard (Brassica nigra), brown Indian mustard (B. juncea), and white mustard (B. hirta). Mustard oil has about 60% monounsaturated fatty acids (42% erucic acid and 12% oleic acid); it has about 21% polyunsaturated fats (6% the omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid and 15% the omega-6 linoleic acid), and it has about 12% saturated fats.
Oil of Mustard Seed
Chinese Vegetable Tallow
Fatty substance extracted from the coat of the seeds of Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallow tree) or Triadica cochinchinensis (Mountain tallow tree).
Stillingia tallow is essentially a mixture of triglycerides (esters of glycerol and fatty acids). The main triglycerides are glicerotriyl tripalmitate (5-30%) and 2-oleate,1,3-dipalmitate (~70%).
Stillingia Tallow
Oil extracted (by solvents) from the seeds of plants of the Triadica genus such as Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallow tree) and Triadica cochinchinensis (Mountain tallow tree).
It is a drying oil used in paints and varnishes, and it is believed to be toxic in China. Stillingia oil is different from stillingia tallow, a fatty substance that surround the seeds in the fruit, which is removed before extracting the oil. Stillingia oil has a typical drying time of 4-6 hours. The seeds produce 20-30% w/w of tallow fat and 10-17% w/w of stillingia oil. It has iodine number 127, a saponification value of 206, and a thiocyanogen value of 100.7.
Stillingia Oil
Oil obtained from the dried, ripened seeds of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum) by pressing, sometimes followed by solvent extraction.
Oil of Linseed
Oil obtained by pressing hemp seeds.
The oil has a 3:1 ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids. It may also be used as a feedstock for the large-scale production of biodiesel. About 49% of the weight of hempseed is an edible oil that contains 76% as polyunsaturated fat, including omega-6 fatty acids such as linoleic acid (LA, 54%) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 3%), and omega-3 fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 17%) and stearidonic acid (2%). Both LA and ALA are essential fatty acids. In addition, hempseed oil contains 5% to 11% monounsaturated fat and 5% to 7% saturated fat. In common with other oils and fats, hemp seed oil provides 9 kcal/g.
Oil of Hempseed
Vegetal oil extracted from kapok seeds by pressing.
Oil of Kapok
Oil of oil seeds of the asterid clade.
Other Asterid Oils
Oil pressed from the seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus).
Sunflower oil is primarily composed of linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fat, and oleic acid, a monounsaturated fat. Through selective breeding and manufacturing processes, oils of differing proportions of the fatty acids are produced. The expressed oil has a neutral taste profile. The oil contains a large amount of vitamin E. As of 2017, genome analysis and development of hybrid sunflowers to increase oil production are under development to meet greater consumer demand for sunflower oil and its commercial varieties. Ukraine and Russia together accounted for 53% of the world's production of sunflower oil in 2018.
Oil of Sunflower
Oil obtained from olives (the fruit of Olea europaea; family Oleaceae) produced by pressing whole olives.
The top five producers of olive oil by volume are Spain, Italy, Tunisia, Greece and Turkey. Per capita consumption is highest in Greece, followed by Italy and Spain. The composition of olive oil varies with the cultivar, altitude, time of harvest and extraction process. It consists mainly of oleic acid (up to 83%), with smaller amounts of other fatty acids including linoleic acid (up to 21%) and palmitic acid (up to 20%). Extra virgin olive oil is required to have no more than 0.8% free acidity and is considered to have favorable flavor characteristics.
Virgin Oil of Olives
Oil made from the olive cake left after the virgin pressing.
Oil of Olive Cake
Oil made from the achenes of safflower by either cold pressing the seeds (for a cooking oil) or hot pressing the seeds yields (for an industrial oil).
Oil of Safflower Seed
Oil derived from sesame seeds.
Industrial uses include solvents in injected drugs, as a carrier oil in cosmetics, or as a coating for stored grains to prevent weevil attacks.
Oil of Sesame Seed
Shea Butter
Fat extracted from the nut of the African shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa).
The primary export market for shea butter is in the chocolate and confectionery industry. However, shea is also used as a cooking fat, food accompaniment and skin-care product in West Africa.
Butter of Karite Nuts
Oil extracted from the leaves of the Mentha plant.
Oil of Mentha
Any other vegetal oils.
Other Vegetal Oils
Oil extracted from poppy seeds (specifically seeds of Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy).
Poppy seeds yield 45-50% oil. Compared to other vegetable oils, poppyseed oil has a moderate amount of phytosterols: higher than soybean oil and peanut oil, lower than safflower oil, sesame oil, wheat germ oil, corn oil, and rice bran oil. It has little or no odor and a pleasant taste, and it is less likely than some other oils to become rancid.
Oil of Poppy Seed
Oil extracted from Jojoba seeds.
Jojoba Oil
Oil extracted from the hard outer brown layer of rice called chaff (rice husk).
Oil of Rice Bran
Corn Oil
Oil extracted from the germ of maize.
Oil of Maize
Vegetal cakes are made of the residue left after oil extraction. Meal is produced when the cakes are treated hydrothermally.
Vegetal Cakes and Meals
Residue of soybean oil extraction.
Typically 1 bushel (i.e. 60 lbs. or 27.2 kg) of soybeans yields 48 lbs. (21.8 kg) of soybean meal. Some, but not all, soybean meal is produced from the residue left after oil extraction. Removal of the oil, which is used mostly in food, but also for industrial oils, soaps and biodiesel, involves crushing and either pressing or solvent extraction. Some, but not all, soybean meal contains ground soybean hulls. Soybean meal is heat-treated during production, to denature the trypsin inhibitors of soybeans, which would otherwise interfere with protein digestion.
Cake and Meal of Soybeans
Residue of rapeseed oil extraction.
Cake and Meal of Rapeseed
Residue of palm oil extraction.
Palm Cake and Palm Meal
PKC
PKM
Main by-product of the palm kernel oil extraction.
It is a highly fibrous and medium grade protein feed, hence most suited to ruminant or rabbit feeding (Pickard, 2005). Palm kernel resulting from mechanical extraction contains 5-12% oil and solvent-extracted palm kernel meal contains 0.5-3% oil (Chin, 2001).
Cake and Meal of Palm Kernel
Residue of cottonseed after oil extraction.
Cake and Meal of Cottonseed
Cake and meals of oil seeds of the rosid clade
Other Cake and Meal of Rosids
Residue of mustard seeds after oil extraction.
Cake and Meal of Mustard Seed
Crops that yield sweet-tasting soluble carbohydrates or substances that when added to food or drink impart the flavour of sweetness.
There are two major sugar crops: sugar beets and sugar cane. However, sugar and syrups are also produced from the sap of certain species of maple trees, from sweet sorghum when cultivated explicitly for making syrup and from sugar palm. Sugar beets that are cultivated solely as a fodder crop and red or garden beets that are classified as vegetable crops are excluded from the FAO list of sugar crops. Sugar cane is a perennial grass (replanted at intervals using pieces of the cane stalks) that is cultivated mainly in the tropics. Sugar beet is an annual crop that is propagated by the seeds of the flowers. It is cultivated in cooler climates than sugar cane, mainly above the 35th parallel of the Northern Hemisphere. Both sugar beets and sugar cane have a high water content, accounting for about 75 percent of the total weight of the plants. The sugar content of sugar cane ranges from 10 to 15 percent of the total weight, while that of sugar beets is between 13 and 18 percent. The protein and fat content of both beets and cane is almost nil. Production data on sugar beets and sugar cane relate to the harvested crop, free of soil, plant tops and leaves. FAO lists three primary sugar crops. Under the name SWEETENERS, FAO includes products used for sweetening that are derived from sugar crops, cereals, fruits or milk, or that are produced by insects. This category includes a wide variety of monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and disaccharides (sucrose and saccharose). They exist either in a crystallized state as sugar, or in thick liquid form as syrups. The traditional sources of sugar are sugar cane and sugar beets. But in recent years, ever larger quantities of cereals (mainly maize) have been used to produce sweeteners derived from starch. OTHER DERIVED PRODUCTS. In addition to sugar, molasses is also obtained with various degrees of sugar content. The by-product obtained from the extraction of sugar is called bagasse in the case of sugar cane, and beet pulp in the case of sugar beets.
Sugar Crops and Vegetal Sweeteners
Uncut and unshredded sugar canes suitable for milling.
Sugar Cane
A non-refined, crystallized material derived from the juices of sugar-cane stalk and consisting either wholly or essentially of sucrose.
Cane Sugar
Unsliced, unwashed sugar beets suitable for diffusion.
Sugar Beet
A non-refined, crystallized material derived from the juices extracted from the root of the sugar beet and consisting either wholly or essentially of sucrose.
Beet Sugar
Includes minor sugar crops of local importance. In the case of saps, production is to be expressed in liquid equivalent.
Other Sugar Crops
Sugar derived from sugar cane through traditional methods without centrifugation.
Non-Centrifugal Sugar
Cane sugar or beet sugar processed by centrifuges. Processed further it is called Refined Sugar.
Raw Centrifugal Sugar
Centrifugal sugar where molasses have been removed, 99.7% or higher purity.
Refined Sugar
Residual molasses after refining sugar cane or beets.
A by-product of the extraction or refining of beet or cane sugar or of the production of fructose from maize. Used for feed, food, industrial alcohol, alcoholic beverages and ethanol.
Molasses
Natural sweetener and sugar substitute derived from the leaves of the plant species Stevia rebaudiana.
Stevia
Most generally, polysaccharides of vegetal origin. Specifically starches from seeds, roots and tubers, or gums in the woody elements of plants or in seed coatings.
Starches, Gums, and Polysaccharides
Cornflour
Starch from the endosperm of maize kernels.
Corn Starch
Starch extracted from crushed potatoes.
Potatoe Starch
Germinated cereal grain that has been dried (a process known as "malting").
Malt
Starch extracted from the roots of the cassava plant (manioc).
Tapioca
Seed of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), an annual legume.
Guar has many functions for human and animal nutrition, but the gelling agent in its seeds (guar gum) is the most important use. Demand is rising due to the use of guar gum in hydraulic fracturing (oil shale gas). About 80% of world production occurs in India, but due to strong demand, the plant is being introduced elsewhere.
Guar Beans
Galactomannan polysaccharide extracted from guar beans by mechanically dehusking, hydrating, and milling.
Guar Gum
Residue of Guar gum extraction from the Guar bean.
Guar Meal
Dried exudate from the trunks and branches of Acacia senegal or Vachellia (Acacia) seyal in the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae).
Arabic Gum
Parts of the plants whose main economic value is in their anchorage or storage organs, roots or tubers, respectively.
Roots and Tubers
Starchy tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum.
The importance of the potato as a food source and culinary ingredient varies by region and is still changing. It remains an essential crop in Europe, especially Northern and Eastern Europe, where per capita production is still the highest in the world, while the most rapid expansion in production over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia, with China and India leading the world in overall production as of 2018.
Potatoes
Starchy tubers or Ipomoea batatas from the bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae.
Sweet Potatoes
Starchy tubers of plant species in the genus Dioscorea that form edible tubers.
Yams
Manioc
Starchy tubers of Manihot esculenta.
Cassava
Starchy corms of Colocasia esculenta.
Taro
Starchy corms of several plant species in the genus Xanthosoma.
The genus is native to tropical America but widely cultivated and naturalized in other tropical regions.
Yautia
Roots of Cichorium intybus.
Chicory Roots
Any other roots or tubers.
Other Roots or Tubers
Fruits or seeds of plants in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae). Either fresh (legumes) or dried (pulses).
Legumes and Pulses
Bengal Gram
Chana
Seed of annual legume Cicer arietinum.
Chickpeas
Azuki Beans
Red Beans
Red Mung Beans
Seed of Vigna angularis.
Adzuki Beans
Green Gram
Seed of Vigna radiata.
Mung Beans
Black Gram
Seed of Vigna mungo.
Urad
Seed of Lathyrus oleraceus
Peas
The ripened reproductive body of a seed plant
Fruits
Fruit of various citrus species in the family Rutaceae.
The fruit of the orange tree can be eaten fresh, or processed for its juice or fragrant peel. As of 2012, sweet oranges accounted for approximately 70% of citrus production. In 2017, 73 million tonnes of oranges were grown worldwide, with Brazil producing 24% of the world total, followed by China and India.
Citrus Fruits
Fruit of Citrus x sinensis.
Sweet Oranges
Fruit of Citrus tangerina, Citrus reticulata, Citrus x clementina, or Citrus unshiu.
Tangerines and Mandarines and Clementines and Satsumas
Fruit of Citrus limon.
Lemons
Fruit of the hybrids produced from citrons (Citrus medica), mandarin oranges (Citrus reticulata), or pomeloes (Citrus maxima) and the lime varieties (Citrus hystrix var. micrantha).
Limes
Fruit of Citrus x paradisi.
In 2019, world production of grapefruits (combined with pomelos) was 9.3 million tonnes, of which 53% was in China. Other significant producers include Vietnam, United States and Mexico.
Grapefruit
Fruit of Citrus maxima.
Pomelo
Any other fruit of plants in the Citrus genus.
Other Citrus Fruit
Fruit produced by flowering plants in the subtribe Malinae of the family Rosaceae.
Pome Fruits
Fruit of Malus domestica.
Worldwide production of apples in 2018 was 86 million tonnes, with China accounting for nearly half of the total.
Apples
Fruit of trees in the genus Pyrus, in particular Pyrus communis, Pyrus x bretschneideri, and Pyrus pyrifolia.
Pears
Fruit of Cydonia oblonga.
Quinces
Any other fruit of plants in the subtribe Malinae.
Other Pome Fruits
Drupe
Fruits of the botanical family Rosaceae that contain a single hard seed, called a stone, pit, or pip.
Stone Fruit
Fruit of many plants of the genus Prunus different from apricots, e.g. Prunus avium (sweet cherry) or Prunus cerasus (sour cherries).
Cherries
Fruit of several species in the genus Prunus different from cherries, e.g. Prunus armeniaca, Prunus brigantina, etc.
Apricots
Fruit of Prunus persica.
Peaches and nectarines are the same species, though they are regarded commercially as different fruits. The skin of nectarines lacks the fuzz (fruit-skin trichomes) that peach skin has; a mutation in a single gene (MYB25) is thought to be responsible for the difference between the two.
Peaches and Nectarines
Fruit of some species in Prunus subg. Prunus, e.g. Prunus domestica.
Plums
Any other drupes.
Other Drupes
Fruit with fleshy pericarp, containing one or many seeds.
Berries
Fruit of Fragaria x ananassa.
In 2020, world production of strawberries was 8.9 million tonnes, led by China with 38% of the total, and the United States and Egypt as other significant producers. Due the relatively fragile nature of the strawberry, approximately 35 percent of the $2.2 billion United States crop was spoiled in 2020. This led to an Idaho company planning to launch gene-edited strawberries in the near future in an effort to make them more durable and hardier. In the U.S. it costs growers around $35,000 per acre to plant and $35,000 per acre to harvest strawberries now, and more durable berries might reduce the rate of spoilage.
Strawberries
Fruit of many plant species in the genus Rubus, most of which in the subgenus Idaeobatus.
In 2020, world production of raspberries was 895,771 tonnes, led by Russia with 20% of the world total. Other major producers were Mexico, Poland, Serbia, and the United States.
Raspberries
Fruit of many species of Ribes that are not currants, e.g. Ribes uva-crispa.
Gooseberries
Fruit of many species of Ribes that are not gooseberries, e.g. Ribes nigrum, Ribes rubrum.
Currants
Fruit of species in the section Cyanococcus within the genus Vaccinium, e.g. Vaccinium caesariense.
Blueberries
Fruit of species in the subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium, e.g. Vaccinium oxycoccos.
Cranberries
Fruit of any other shrubs and bushes whose fruits are berries, excluding those that are classified as tropical fruits.
Other Berries
Tropical fruit is any fruit produced by a tree native to the tropics. The tropics are generally defined as the region of the globe between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
Tropical Fruits
Fruit of many cultivars in the genus Musa.
Bananas and Plantains
Plantains are more starchy and less sweet; they are eaten cooked rather than raw; they have thicker skin, which may be green, yellow or black; and they can be used at any stage of ripeness.
Chinese gooseberry
Fruit of several species of woody vines in the genus Actinidia.
Kiwi Fruit
Fruit of Mangifera indica.
Mangoes
Fruit of Ziziphus jujuba.
Jujube
Fruit of Persea americana.
Avocados
Fruit of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera).
Dates
Fruit of Ficus carica.
Figs
Fruit of Artocarpus heterophyllus.
Jackfruit
Fruit of Carica papaya.
Papayas
Fruit of Ananas comosus.
Pineapples
Any other tropical fruits.
Other Tropical Fruit
Any other fruits.
Other Fresh Fruit
Juice is a drink made by extracting or pressing the natural liquid contained in fruit. Fruit syrups (or fruit molasses) are concentrated fruit juices.
Fruit Juices and Fruit Syrups
Juices and syrups made by pressing citrus fruits.
Juices and Syrups from Citrus Fruits
U.S. Grade A frozen concentrate of sweet oranges with a Brix value of at least 62.5 degrees.
Frozen Orange Juice
Juices and syrups made by pressing pome fruits.
Juices and Syrups from Pome Fruits
Concentrate of pressed apples.
Apple Juice Concentrate
Seed, fruit, root, bark, salt, or other plant substance primarily used for flavouring or colouring food.
Spices
Spices are distinguished from herbs, which are the leaves, flowers, or stems of plants used for flavouring or as a garnish. Spices are sometimes used in medicine, religious rituals, cosmetics or perfume production.
Spice made from the seeds of several plants in the genera Elettaria and Amomum in the family Zingiberaceae.
Cardamom is the world's third-most expensive spice, surpassed in price per weight only by saffron and vanilla.
Cardamom
Spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species from the genus Cinnamomum.
In 2018, Indonesia and China produced 70% of the world's supply of cinnamon, Indonesia producing nearly 40% and China 30%.
Cinnamon
Cinnamon is the name for several species of trees and the commercial spice products that some of them produce. All are members of the genus Cinnamomum in the family Lauraceae. Only a few Cinnamomum species are grown commercially for spice. Cinnamomum verum is sometimes considered to be "true cinnamon", but most cinnamon in international commerce is derived from the related species Cinnamomum cassia, also referred to as "cassia".
Seed or ground spice of several species of the genus Myristica.
Indonesia is the main producers of nutmeg and mace.
Nutmeg
Spice made from the reddish seed covering (aril) of the nutmeg seed.
Mace
Rhizome of Ginger (Zingiber officinale).
India holds the seventh position in ginger export worldwide, however is the largest producer of ginger in the world. Regions in southwest and Northeast India are most suitable for ginger production due to their warm and humid climate, average rainfall and land space.
Ginger
Curcuma
Rhizome of Curcuma longa of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae.
Turmeric
Jeera
Dried seed of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae.
Cumin
Dried seeds of Coriandrum sativum in the family Apiaceae.
Coriander
The fresh leaves and the roots are used in cooking as well. This concept only refers to the dried seeds.
Spice derived from the seed pods of orchids of the genus Vanilla, primarily obtained from flat-leaved vanilla (V. planifolia).
Three major species of vanilla currently are grown globally, all of which derive from a species originally found in Mesoamerica, including parts of modern-day Mexico. They are V. planifolia (syn. V. fragrans), grown on Madagascar, Réunion, and other tropical areas along the Indian Ocean; V. tahitensis, grown in the South Pacific; and V. pompona, found in the West Indies, Central America, and South America. The majority of the world's vanilla is the V. planifolia species, more commonly known as Bourbon vanilla (after the former name of Réunion, Ã�e Bourbon) or Madagascar vanilla, which is produced in Madagascar and neighbouring islands in the southwestern Indian Ocean, and in Indonesia. Madagascar's and Indonesia's cultivations produce two-thirds of the world's supply of vanilla. Vanilla is the second-most expensive spice after saffron because growing the vanilla seed pods is labor-intensive. Nevertheless, vanilla is widely used in both commercial and domestic baking, perfume manufacture, and aromatherapy.
Vanilla
Dried drupe of Black pepper (Piper nigrum) in the family Piperaceae.
Black pepper is native to present-day South India, and is extensively cultivated there and elsewhere in tropical regions. Producing 24% of the world total in 2019, Vietnam is the largest exporter of pepper. Black pepper is the world's most traded spice, and is one of the most common spices added to cuisines around the world.
Pepper
Allspice
Dried unripe berry of Pimenta dioica.
Midcanopy trees are native to the Greater Antilles, southern Mexico, and Central America, now cultivated in many warm parts of the world.
Pimento
Chili
Spicy fruit of plants in the genus Capsicum.
Chilli
Any other spices.
Other Spices
Leaves, flowers, or stems of plants used for flavouring or as a garnish.
Herbs
Herbs are distinguished from spices, which are the seed, fruit, root, bark, salt, or other plant substance primarily used for flavouring or colouring food.
Plants or plant parts that, if activated, e.g. by heating, infusion, etc., stimulate the central nervous system.
Stimulant Crops
Stone inside the cherry of the Coffea plant.
The two most economically important varieties of coffee plant are the Arabica and the Robusta; ~60% of the coffee produced worldwide is Arabica and ~40% is Robusta. Arabica beans consist of 0.8-1.4% caffeine and Robusta beans consist of 1.7-4% caffeine. As coffee is one of the world's most widely consumed beverages, coffee beans are a major cash crop and an important export product, accounting for over 50% of some developing nations' foreign exchange earnings.
Green Coffee
Seeds from the pod of the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao).
Cocoa Beans
Seeds from the pod of the carob shrub (Ceratonia siliqua).
Carobs
Cured or fresh leaves of Camellia sinensis, or rarely Camellia taliensis.
Tea
Dried or fresh leaves of the Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis).
Mate
Other leaves or plant parts that are consumed by infusion.
Other Tea
Cured or fresh leaves of several plants in the genus Nicotiana.
Tobacco Leaves
Wet or dried seed cones (strobiles) of the hop plant (Humulus lupulus).
Hops
Any other plant or plant parts with stimulatory effects.
Other Stimulant Crops
Domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fibre, and labour.
Livestock
Large domesticated ungulates in the species Bos taurus.
Cattle
Domesticated animal in the species Bubalus bualis.
Around 26 million water buffaloes are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. They contribute 72 million tonnes of milk and three million tonnes of meat annually to world food, much of it in areas that are prone to nutritional imbalances. In India, river buffaloes are kept mainly for milk production and for transport, whereas swamp buffaloes are kept mainly for work and a small amount of milk.
Buffaloes
Domesticated animal in the species Ovis aries.
Numbering a little over one billion, domestic sheep are also the most numerous species of sheep. A sheep's wool is the most widely used animal fibre, and is usually harvested by shearing. Ovine meat is called lamb when from younger animals and mutton when from older ones in Commonwealth countries, and lamb in the United States (including from adults). Sheep husbandry is practised throughout the majority of the inhabited world. Australia, New Zealand, the southern and central South American nations, and the British Isles are most closely associated with sheep production.
Sheep
Domesticated animal in the subspecies Capra aegagrus hircus.
In 2011, there were more than 924 million goats living in the world, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization.
Goats
Hogs
Pigs
Domesticated even-toed ungulate in the species Sus scrofa domesticus.
The domestic pig's head-plus-body length ranges from 0.9 to 1.8 m (35 to 71 in), and adult pigs typically weigh between 50 and 350 kg (110 and 770 lb), with well-fed individuals often exceeding this weight range. The size and weight of hogs largely depends on their breed.
Swine
Domesticated animal in the subspecies Gallus gallus domesticus, a subspecies of the red junglefowl.
Chickens are one of the most common and widespread domestic animals, with a total population of 23.7 billion as of 2018, up from more than 19 billion in 2011. There are more chickens in the world than any other bird.
Chickens
Domesticated aninmal in the species Meleagris gallopavo domesticus.
The domestic turkey is a popular form of poultry, and it is raised throughout temperate parts of the world, partially because industrialized farming has made it very cheap for the amount of meat it produces.
Turkeys
Mallards
Domesticated animal in the subspecies Anas platyrhynchos domesticus.
Ducks
Domesticated animal in the species Anser anser domesticus or Anser cygnoides domesticus.
Approximately 700 million geese are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.
Geese
Domesticated bird in the subspecies Columba livia domestica.
Pigeons
Other birds, gamebirds, or domestic birds bred or hunted for consumption, such as quail, ostrich, Guinea fowl, etc.
Other Birds
Domesticated odd-toed, hoofed mammal in the species Equus ferus caballus.
Horses
Donkey
Domesticated hoofed mammal in the subspecies Equus africanus asinus
Asses
Domestic equine hybrid between a donkey and a horse, Equus africanus asinus x Equus ferus caballus
Mules
Even-toed ungulate in the genus Camelus that bears distinctive fatty deposits (humps) on its back.
Camels
Any other animals in the family Camelidae.
Other Camelids
Small mammals in the family Leporidae.
Rabbits
Any other rodents of economic value.
Other Rodents
Any other live animals.
Other Live Animals
Any other live animals not kept for food.
Other Non-Food Live Animals
Animal fats and oils are lipids derived from animals: oils are liquid at room temperature, and fats are solid.
Animal Oils and Fats
Beef Tallow
Rendered beef fat.
Fat of Cattle
Rendered fat of the buffalo.
Fat of Buffalo
Mutton Tallow
Rendered mutton fat.
Fat of Sheep
Rendered fatty tissue of a goat.
Fat of Goats
Lard
Rendered fatty tissue of a pig.
Fat of Pigs
Rendered fat of, typically, waterfowl, e.g. ducks and geese.
Fat of Poultry
Rendered hump of a camel.
Fat of Camels
Rendering of fatty tissue of any other member of Camelidae.
Fat of Other Camelids
Rendered tissue of oily fish, e.g. tuna or salmon.
Oil of Oily Fish
Rendering of fatty tissue of any other animal.
Other Animal Fats
Edible products from slaughtered animals, such as meat, offal, and bones, excluding edible or inedible products used as material, e.g. skins and hides.
Food from Slaughtered Animals
Meat here refers to skeletal muscle, associated fat, and other edible tissues such as offal. Also includes animals that have not been domesticated or raised and prepared for human consumption, like game, insects, fish, seafood, and snails.
Beef
Meat from cattle, particularly skeletal muscle.
Beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world, accounting for about 25% of meat production worldwide, after pork and poultry at 38% and 30% respectively. In absolute numbers, the United States, Brazil, and the People's Republic of China are the world's three largest consumers of beef; Uruguay, however, has the highest beef and veal consumption per capita, followed by Argentina and Brazil. According to the data from OECD, the average Uruguayan ate over 42 kg (93 lb) of beef or veal in 2014, representing the highest beef/veal consumption per capita in the world. In comparison, the average American consumed only about 24 kg (53 lb) beef or veal in the same year, while African countries, such as Mozambique, Ghana, and Nigeria, consumed the least beef or veal per capita. In 2018, the United States, Brazil, and China produced the most beef with 12.22 million tons, 9.9 million tons, and 6.46 million tons respectively. The top 3 beef exporting countries in 2019 were Australia (14.8% of total exports), the United States (13.4% of total exports), and Brazil (12.6% of total exports). Beef production is also important to the economies of Japan, Argentina, Uruguay, Canada, Paraguay, Mexico, Belarus and Nicaragua. Beef production has a high environmental impact per gram of protein.
Meat of Cattle
Buff
Red Beef
Meat of the water buffalo.
Buffalo have exceptional muscular development and thus they are considerably heavy, with some weighing more than a tonne. The main agricultural use of buffalo is to obtain milk. India has the largest number of buffalo and is the largest producer of its milk, producing nearly 57 million tonnes of it annually. This accounts for 67% of global production. Slaughtering buffalo for meat is a secondary agricultural priority. Buffalo meat from young buffalo has a much better quality as they have a higher proportion of muscle and a lower proportion of fat as compared to other cattle meat. The highest quality buffalo meat is known as "padwa" in India, taken from a buffalo younger than 24 months. India accounts for about 43% of the world buffalo meat production, with Uttar Pradesh producing the most, followed by Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. In the 21st century, buffalo meat production in India has been growing and has increased from 4.1 million tonnes CWE (carcass weight equivalent) in 2014 to 4.3 million tonnes CWE in 2015. In India, during the calendar year 2014-2015, consumption estimates had been forecasted to rise from 3.1% and 3.5% to 2.1 and 2.175 million tonnes CWE respectively, according to the US Department of Agriculture.
Buffalo Meat
Mutton
Meat of domestic sheep (Ovis aries).
Meat of Sheep
A sheep in its first year is a lamb and its meat is also lamb. A sheep in its second year and its meat are hogget. Older sheep meat is mutton. In South Asian and Caribbean cuisine, "mutton" often means goat meat. At various times and places, "mutton" or "goat mutton" has occasionally been used to mean goat meat.
Meat of the domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus).
Goat Meat
The common name for goat meat is simply "goat", though meat from adult goats is referred to as chevon, while that from young goats can be called capretto (It.), cabrito (Sp.) or kid. In South Asian and Caribbean cuisine, mutton commonly means goat meat. In South Asia, where mutton curry is popular, "mutton" is used for both goat and lamb meat. The United States Department of Agriculture promoted the term "chevon", a portmanteau of chèvre ('goat') and mouton ('sheep', 'mutton') in the 1920s. According to market research, consumers in the United States prefer the pseudo-French-language-derived culinary name "chevon". "Cabrito", a word of Spanish and Portuguese origin, refers specifically to the meat of a young, milk-fed goat. It is also known as chivo.
Pork
Meat of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus).
It is the most commonly consumed meat worldwide, with evidence of pig husbandry dating back to 5000 BC. Pork is not only the most popular meat in the Western world and in Central Europe, it is also very popular in East Asia, the non-Muslim parts of India, Southeast Asia (Indochina, Philippines, Singapore, East Timor) and in Malaysia. It is highly prized in Asian cuisines, especially in China, for its fat content and texture.
Pig Meat
Meat of the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus).
The United Nations estimates there to be 19 billion chickens on Earth today, making them outnumber humans more than two to one.
Chicken Meat
Meat from turkeys, typically domesticated turkeys but also wild turkeys.
It is a popular poultry dish, especially in North America, where it is traditionally consumed as part of culturally significant events such as Thanksgiving and Christmas, as well as in standard cuisine.
Turkey Meat
Meat of several species of bird in the family Anatidae.
Duck is particularly predominant in the Chinese cuisine, partly in the (Northeast) Indian cuisine, and in a variety of dishes around the world. Some dishes use parts of the duck as an ingredient along with other ingredients.
Duck Meat
Goose is the meat of domesticated or wild geese.
Goose is used traditionally in the French, Polish, and Baltic cuisines, particularly during the Christmas season.
Goose Meat
Squab
Meat of domestic pigeons, or more broadly of all dove and pigeon species.
The modern squab industry uses utility pigeons. Squabs are raised until they are roughly a month old, when they reach adult size but have not yet flown, before being slaughtered.
Meat of Pigeons
Meat from other birds bred or hunted for consumption, such as quail, ostrich, Guinea fowl, etc.
Meat of Other Birds
Meat from domestic horses (Equus ferus caballus).
Horse meat forms a significant part of the culinary traditions of many countries, particularly in Europe and Asia. The eight countries that consume the most horse meat consume about 4.3 million horses a year. Jurisdictions that allow for the slaughter of horses for food rarely have age restrictions, so many are quite young, some even as young as 16 to 24 months old. They are processed in a similar fashion to cattle, i.e., in large-scale factory slaughter houses (abattoirs) where they are stunned with a captive bolt gun and bled to death. In countries with a less industrialized food-production system, horses and other animals are slaughtered individually outdoors as needed, in or near the village where they will be consumed.
Horse Meat
Meat from domestic asses (Equus africanus asinus).
Meat of Asses
Meat from mules (Equus africanus asinus x Equus ferus caballus).
Meat of Mules
Meat from camels (species in the genus Camelus).
Meat of Camels
Meat from any other camelids (species in the family Camelidae).
Meat of other Domestic Camelids
Meat from animals in the family Leporidae.
Rabbit Meat
Meat from domestic animals in the order Rodentia, excluding non-domestic but indigenous animals (cf. 253540 Indigenous Meat).
Meat of other Domestic Rodents
Saltwater fish in the tribe Thunnini that has been gutted and put on ice.
Gutted Iced Tuna
Several species in the family Salmonidae that have been gutted and put on ice.
Gutted Iced Salmon
Any other oily fish that has been gutted and put on ice.
Other Gutted Iced Oily Fish
Meat from any other animals.
Other Meat
Viscera (internal organs) and entrails of a butchered animal.
Offal
Fresh meat or meat that has been reduced to fragments which has had foodstuffs, seasonings or additives added to it or which has undergone processes.
Meat Products and Meat Preparations
Meat preparations defined in EC No 853/2004
Meat that has been dehydrated, i.e. hot-air-dried or cured with salt. Freeze-dried meat is to be considered fresh.
Dried Meat
MBM
Residue of fat extraction (by rendering).
Meat and Bone Meal
Blood that has been dehydrated, i.e. hot-air-dried, drum dried, flash dried, or spray dried.
Blood Meal
Bushmeat
Meat or meat products or meat preparations from wildlife species that are hunted rather than grown.
Indigenous Meat
Organic Meat
Meat or meat products or meat preparations from animals that have been bred and grown under natural living conditions and feed.
Biological Meat
Distinct from Indigenous Meat (253540) in that animals are deliberately kept for meat production.
Any other meat products or meat preparations.
Other Meat Preparations
Produce sourced from animals without slaughtering them.
Food from Live Animals
Raw cow milk with all its constituents that is not concentrated, pasteurized, sterilized or other-wise preserved, homogenized or peptonized.
Cow Milk
Milk in which the fat content is adjusted to a predetermined value without altering any other constituents.
Standardized Milk
Milk and cream from which water has been partly removed after heat-treating and concentrating. Normally sucrose is added to give the product stability and bacteriological safety.
Condensed Whole Milk
Milk and cream from which the water has been partly removed and which has been heat- treated to render it bacteriologically safe and stable.
Evaporated Whole Milk
Milk and cream from which water has been completely removed by various methods. In form of powder, granules or other solid forms. May contain added sugar or other sweeteners.
Dry Whole Cow Milk
That portion of milk which is rich in milk fat and is separated by skimming or centrifuging.
Fresh Cream
Emulsion of milk fat and water that is obtained by churning cream. Trade data cover butter from the milk of any animal.
Butter of Cow Milk
Butter from which the water has been removed. Very common in hot countries. Includes also anhydrous butterfat or butter oil.
Ghee from Cow Milk
Milk from which most of the fat has been removed.
Skim Milk of Cows
Same as 25401011, but applied to skim milk.
Condensed Skim Milk
Same as 25401012, but applied to skim milk.
Evaporated Skim Milk
Same as 25401013, but from skim milk. Normally does not exceed 1.5% fat content.
Dry Skim Cow Milk
Liquid part of the milk that remains after the separation of curd in cheese making.
Its main food use is in the preparation of whey cheese, whey drinks and fermented whey drinks. The main industrial uses are in the manufacture of lactose, whey paste and dried whey.
Fresh Whey
Pasteurised fresh whey where some of the liquid has been evaporated in a vaccum.
Condensed Whey
Whey Powder
Condensed whey where all water has been removed.
Dry Whey
Curd of milk that has been coagulated and separated from whey. May include some whole milk.
Cheese from Whole Cow Milk
Curd of milk that has been coagulated and separated from whey. May include some skimmed milk.
Cheese From Skimmed Cow Milk
Made from fresh whey by coagulating, e.g. by heat or acid.
Whey Cheese
Made from cheese and unfermented dairy ingredients mixed with emulsifiers.
Processed Cheese
Curdled Milk
Milk inoculated with a culture of Lactococcus lactis or Lactobacillus bulgaricus plus Leuconostoc citrovorum.
As most modern butter is not made with cultured cream but uncultured sweet cream, most modern buttermilk is cultured separately.
Buttermilk
Buttermilk where water has been removed, e.g. by spray drying or roller drying.
Dry Buttermilk
Milk inoculated with yoghurt cultures, may include additives such as sugar, flavouring materials, fruit or cocoa.
Unconcentrated Yoghurt
Yoghurt where the whey has been removed by straining.
Concentrated Yoghurt
Main sugar constituent of milk, obtained from whey permeate.
Lactose makes up 2%-8% of milk, or about 5% of whey solids.
Lactose
Main protein constituent of milk, obtained from skimmed milk by precipitation (curdling) with acids or rennet.
Casein
Product obtained by adding water, fat, etc. to milk powder.
Reconstitued Milk
Product that is included in Item 125 on the Import Control List (ICL).
Products of Natural Milk Constituents
E.g. infant formula
Milk or cream base with sweeteners, eggs, etc.
Ice Cream and Edible Ice
Milk products not classified elsewhere.
Other Milk Products
Milk from water buffalo cows.
India and Pakistan produce the most buffalo milk worldwide.
Buffalo Milk
Milk from ewes.
Sheep Milk
Milk from nannies.
Goat Milk
Milk from camel cows.
Camel Milk
Milk from any other female mammal.
Other Milk
Chicken Eggs
Oval reproductive body of hens used as food.
In 2017, world production of chicken eggs was 80.1 million tonnes. The largest producers were China with 31.3 million of this total, the United States with 6.3 million, India at 4.8 million, Mexico at 2.8 million, Japan at 2.6 million, and Brazil and Russia with 2.5 million each.
Hen Eggs
Oval reproductive body of ducks used as food.
Duck Eggs
Any other bird eggs.
Other Bird Eggs
Honey produced by bees (Apis mellifera) or by other insects.
Honey
Food from the controlled cultivation of aquatic organisms.
Food from Aquaculture
Oily fish that has been gutted and put on ice.
Gutted Iced Oily Fish
Order of Crustaceans within the class Malacostraca whose meat is considered a delicacy.
Decapoda
Salt water crustaceans of the family Nephropidae.
Lobster
Freshwater crustaceans of the family Astacidea.
Crayfish
Decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura.
Crab
Decapod crustaceans of the suborder Dendrobranchiata.
Prawn
Decapod crustaceans of the family Crangonidae.
Shrimp
Commodities used as inputs to manufacturing processes to produce prodcts or more complex materials.
Materials can be classified based on their physical and chemical properties, or on their geological origin or biological function. Raw materials can be processed in different ways to influence their properties, by purification, shaping or the introduction of other materials. New materials can be produced from raw materials by synthesis.
Materials
Plants or plant parts that are primarily harvested for their fibre, or fibre products of vegetal origin.
Fibres of Vegetal Origin
Soft, fluffy fibre from the boll of the plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae.
The plant is a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, Africa, Egypt and India. The greatest diversity of wild cotton species is found in Mexico, followed by Australia and Africa. Cotton was independently domesticated in the Old and New Worlds. Current estimates for world production are about 25 million tonnes or 110 million bales annually, accounting for 2.5% of the world's arable land. India is the world's largest producer of cotton. The United States has been the largest exporter for many years. In the United States, cotton is usually measured in bales, which measure approximately 0.48 cubic meters (17 cubic feet) and weigh 226.8 kilograms (500 pounds).
Cotton Lint
Fibre extracted from the bast beneath the surface of the stem of the flax plant.
The best grades are used for fabrics such as damasks, lace, and sheeting. Coarser grades are used for the manufacturing of twine and rope, and historically, for canvas and webbing equipment.
Flax Fibre and Tow
Retted (or unretted) stalks of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum).
Flax Raw or Retted
Fibre extracted from the bast of the cultivars of Cannabis sativa.
Hemp is used in a number of consumer goods, including clothing, shoes, accessories, dog collars, and home wares. For clothing, in some instances, hemp is mixed with lyocell.
Hemp Fibre and Tow
Fibre extracted from the bast of plants in the genus Corchorus, primarily Corchorus olitorius, or alternatively Corchorus capsularis.
Jute is one of the most affordable natural fibres, and second only to cotton in the amount produced and variety of uses. Jute is also called the "golden fiber" for its colour and high cash value.
Jute Fibre
Fibre that shares most of the mechanical properties and the look of jute.
Jute-like Fibre
Manila Hemp
Fibre extracted from the leaf-stems of Musa textilis.
The name refers to the capital of the Philippines, one of the main producers of Manila hemp. The hatmaking straw made from Manila hemp is called tagal or tagal straw.
Abaca
Decorticated leaf stems or fibre extracted from the leaf-stems of Agave sisalana, possibly dried, brushed and baled.
Sisal
Any other fibre extracted from the leaf-stems of agaves.
Other Agave Fibres
Fibre obtained of the seed pods of Ceiba pentandra.
In Spanish speaking countries the tree is commonly known as "ceiba". The tree is cultivated for the seed fibre, particularly in south-east Asia, and is also known as the Java cotton, Java kapok, silk-cotton or samauma. The fibre is light, very buoyant, resilient, resistant to water, but very flammable. The process of harvesting and separating the fiber is labour-intensive and menial. It is difficult to spin, but is used as an alternative to down as filling in mattresses, pillows, upholstery, zafus, and stuffed toys such as teddy bears, and for insulation.
Kapok Fibre
Decorticated leaf stems or fibre obtained from the inner bark (phloem) of the vegetative stalks of the Ramie plant, possibly degummed.
The dry weight of harvested stem from crops ranges from 3.4 to 4.5 t/ha/a. A 4.5-ton crop yields 1,600 kg/ha/a of dry undegummed fibre. The weight loss during degumming can be up to 25%, giving a yield of degummed fibre of about 1,200 kg/ha/a.
Ramie
Fibre extracted from the outer husk of coconut.
Coir
Any other fibre of vegetal origin.
Other Crop Fibre
Fibres that are produced by animals. Most notably they comprise bristles, hair, wool, and silk.
Fibres of Animal Origin
Wool straight off a sheep, i.e. unscoured.
Greasy Wool
Wool of the shoulder and sides, less than 20 microns in diameter.
Fine Hair
Hair of goat with diameters >30 microns.
Coarse Goat Hair
Hair of goat with diameters <30 microns.
Fine Goat Hair
Long hair growing on the manes and tails of horses.
Hair of Horses
Cocoons of the silkworm (Bombyx mori).
Reelable Cocoons
Other hair of animal origin.
Other Hair
Oleochemicals are products derived from vegetal oils and fats, e.g. by hydrolysis, transesterification, or hydrogenation.
Oleochemicals
FAME
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
Oleochemical derived by transesterification of fats with methanol, usually blended with petrodiesel.
Biodiesel
UCOME
Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester
Feedstock to produce biofuel, most notably Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME).
Used Cooking Oil
HVO
Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil
PLA
Thermoplastic polyester obtained by condensation of lactic acid, a monomer made from fermented plant starch such as from corn, cassava, sugarcane or sugar beet pulp.
Polylactic Acid
PA 11
Polyamide produced by the polymerization of 11-aminoundecanoic acid which is produced from castor beans under the trade name Rilsan.
Polyamide 11
Ethene
Simplest hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds, formula CH2=CH2.
Produced by steam cracking purified natural gas, naphtha, gasoil or condy.
Ethylene
Propene
Unsaturated compound with one double bond, formula CH3CH=CH.
Propylene
Xylol
Mixture of organic compounds with the formula (CH3)2C6H4.
Xylene
Material derived from forestry for direct consumption or commercial use.
Forest Products
Timber
Standing or felled trees.
Wood
Lumber
Wood that has been processed into beams and planks.
80% of lumber comes from softwood, e.g. from coniferous species, including pine, fir and spruce (collectively spruce-pine-fir), cedar, and hemlock.
Sawnwood
May be supplied either rough-sawn, or surfaced on one or more of its faces.
Blockboard
Material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer.
Plywood
Material made out of wood fibres.
Fibreboard
Fuel for a pellet stove made from compacted sawdust.
Wood Pellets
Material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water.
Paper
Material consisting mainly of wood pulp and most commonly used to print newspapers and other publications and advertising material.
Newsprint
Material made out of natural unbleached wood fibres for the production of corrugated board.
Containerboard
Material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating cellulose fibres from wood, fiber crops, waste paper, or rags.
Pulp
Material made from cellulose obtained by breaking down waste paper.
Recovered Paper
Biodegradable solid or highly viscous compounds.
Rubber and Wax
Field latex, raw caucho or caoutchouc, with minor impurities of other organic compounds, plus water.
Thailand and Indonesia are two of the leading rubber producers.
Raw Natural Rubber
Any other resin.
Other Resins
HA Latex
Centrifuged and ammoniated field latex that has been processed into latex concentrate.
Concentrated Latex
Field latex that has been transferred into coagulation tanks
Coagulated Latex
TSR
Naturally coagulated rubber (cup lump) that has been reduced in size, cleaned and dried, then baled and palletised for storage and shipment.
Technically Specified Rubber
RSS Rubber
Coagulated latex sheets that have been air dried or smoked in ovens.
Ribbed Smoked Sheet Rubber
Waxy substnce of plnt origin, e.g. rice bran wax or sunflower wax.
Vegetal Wax
Natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis.
Beeswax
Compounds that do not contain a C atom. Exceptions are made for isocyanide/cyanide and their non-hydrocarbyl derivatives, thiophosgene, carbon diselenide, carbon monosulfide, carbon disulfide, carbon subsulfide, carbon monoxide, carbon trioxide, carbon suboxide, and dicarbon monoxide.
Inorganic Compounds
Soda Ash
Washing Soda
Sodium carbonate.
As a common alkali, it is preferred in many chemical processes because it is cheaper than sodium hydroxide and far safer to handle.
Sodium Carbonate
Caustic Soda
Lye
Sodium hydroxide.
Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the making of wood pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain opener. Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tons, while demand was 51 million tons.
Sodium Hydroxide
Non-crystalline, often transparent amorphous solid.
Soda-lime glass, containing around 70% silica, accounts for around 90% of manufactured glass.
Glass
Intermetallics are metallic alloys that form ordered solid-state compounds between two or more metallic elements.
Intermetallics are generally hard and brittle, with good high-temperature mechanical properties. They can be classified as stoichiometric or nonstoichiometic intermetallic compounds.
Intermetallics
Alloy of iron and silicon with a typical silicon content by weight of 15%-90%.
Ferrosilicon
Alloy of manganese and silicon.
Manganese Silicide
Compounds that contain at least one carbon atom, excluding the exceptions made for inorganic compounds.
Organic Compounds
Macromolecules composed of many repeating units.
Polymers
PVC
Polymer made up of vinyl chloride monomers (VCM).
The world's third-most widely produced synthetic plastic polymer (after polyethylene and polypropylene). About 40 million tons of PVC are produced each year.
Polyvinyl Chloride
Polymer made up of ethylene monomers (ethene).
The most common plastic in use today. PE is usually a mixture of similar polymers of ethylene of various chain-lengths. It can be low density or high density: low density polyethylene is extruded using high pressure (1000-5000 atm) and high temperature (520 Kelvin), while high density polyethylene is extruded using low pressure (6-7 atm) and low temperature (333-343 Kelvin). Polyethylene is usually thermoplastic, however it can be modified to become thermosetting instead, for example in cross-linked polyethylene.
Polyethylene
PET
Thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family, formula (C10H8O4)n.
Polyethylene Terephthalate
Polymer made up of propylene monomers (propene).
Bio-PP is the bio-based counterpart of polypropylene (PP). Polypropylene is the second-most widely produced commodity plastic (after polyethylene). In 2019, the global market for polypropylene was worth $126.03 billion. Revenues are expected to exceed US$145 billion by 2019. The sales of this material are forecast to grow at a rate of 5.8% per year until 2021.
Polypropylene
Polymer made up of styrene monomers, formula (C8H8)n.
Polystyrene is one of the most widely used plastics, the scale of its production being several million tonnes per year.
Polystyrene
SBR
Styrene-butadiene Rubber
Polymer made up of styrene and butadiene monomers, formula (C8H8)m(C4H6)n.
Styrene-butadiene copolymer is a synthetic rubber that is highly resistant to wear, the scale of its production is about six million tonnes per year.
Styrene-butadiene copolymer
Butadiene Rubber
Polymer made up of buta-1,3-diene monomers, formula (C4H6)n.
Polybutadiene is a synthetic rubber that is highly resistant to wear, the scale of its production is about two million tonnes per year.
Polybutadiene
Aromatic compounds containing one or more benzene rings.
Benzenoids
Compound of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each, formula C6H6.
Benzene
Fusion of two benzene rings, formula C10H8.
Naphthalene
Ethenylbenzene
Phenylethene
Derivative of benzene bearing a vinyl functional group (ethylene, ethene) at one position, formula C6H5CH=CH2.
Styrene
p-Xylene
Derivative of benzene bearing two methyl groups at the 1- and 4-positions. The most valued compound in mixed xylene (302060).
Paraxylene
PTA
Derivative of benzene bearing a carboxylic acid group at the 1- and 4-positions.
Terephthalic Acid
Compounds that carry at least one hydroxyl functional group (bOH) bound to a saturated carbon atom.
Alkanols and Polyols
Methanol or methyl alcohol.
Methanol
Ethanol or ethyl alcohol.
Ethanol is an alternative fuel source.
Ethanol
Ethane-1,2-diol, formula (CH2OH)2.
Ethylene Glycol
Propanol or propyl alcohol.
Propanol
Butanol or butyl alcohol.
Butanol
Substances providing nutrients to plants.
Fertilizer
This includes natural as well as synthetic fertilizers. Fertilizers may be distinct from liming materials or other non-nutrient soil amendments.
Carbamide
Compound of two -NH2 groups joined by a carbonyl group (C=O), formula CO(NH2)2.
Substance used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen (N).
Urea
Compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, formula NH3.
Ammonia
Compound of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-).
Ammonium Nitrate
Urea Ammonium Nitrate
Solution of urea and ammonium nitrate in water.
UAN
Diamidophosphate
Ion with formula PO2(NH2)2-.
DAP
Monoammonium phosphate
Compound of ammonium (NH4+) and dihydrogen phosphate (PO2(OH)2-).
MAP
Various mined and manufactured salts that contain potassium in water-soluble form.
Potash is produced worldwide in amounts exceeding 90 million tonnes (40 million tonnes K2O equivalent) per year, mostly for use in fertilizer. Various kinds of fertilizer-potash constitute the single greatest industrial use of the element potassium in the world. Potassium was first derived in 1807 by electrolysis of caustic potash (potassium hydroxide).
Potash
Substances meant to control pests.
Pesticide
Any chemical (such as carbamate) or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium, or fungus) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, molluscs, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors.
Substance to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.
Herbicide
Substance to control insects by targeting insect eggs or larvae.
Insecticide
Substance to control plant-parasitic nematodes.
Nematicide
Substance to control bacteria.
Bactericide
Substance to control parasitic fungi or their spores.
Fungicide
Specific animal repellents, in particular molluscicides, piscicides, avicides, and rodenticides.
Animal Repellent
Commoditized goods are tradables that have been made fungible by standardisation.
Commoditized
Contractual arrangements for carrying cargo, voyage charter, contract of affreightment, time charter and the bareboat charter.
Freight
Cargo carried by tanker at a freight rate.
Wet Freight
Tanker for dirty loads, i.e. crude oils.
Dirty Freight
TDx at the Baltic Exchange
Tanker for clean loads, i.e. refined products excluding gases.
Clean Freight
TCx at the Baltic Exchange
Tanker for gas loads, i.e. liquefied natural gas or petroleum gas.
Gas Freight
BLNGx, BLPGx at the Baltic Exchange
Cargoes on a per container basis.
Container Freight
FBXx at the Baltic Exchange
Bulk cargoes on a time-charter or tonne voyage basis.
Dry Bulk Freight
Cx, Px, Sx, HSx at the Baltic Exchange
Freight shipped in an aircraft.
Air Freight
Premium of one freight rate over another to a different location, or with different shipping agreements.
Cargo Spread
Financial instrument to reduce risk associated with adverse or unexpected weather conditions.
Weather
An aggregate of (average, trimmed mean, daily high, daily low) temperature as measured by a (set of) reference weather stations over a pre-defined time period. Sometimes capped/floored under the name heating degree days/cooling degree days, respectively.
Temperature
Product that tracks the (average, trimmed mean, minimum, maxium, ...) rainfall in a region over a predefined time period.
Rainfall
Product that tracks damages incurred by abnormal weather conditions or their consequences such as typhoons, hurricanes, or floods.
Catastrophe
It is permissible to classify non-weather related catastrophes here, e.g. bush fires, earthquakes, or volcano eruptions.
Permits and allowances in writing issued by a central authority (usually a governmental body) that allow a discharge of a specific quantity of a specific pollutant over a set time period.
Polluters are required to hold permits in amount equal to their emissions. Polluters that want to increase their emissions must buy permits from others willing to sell them.
Emissions
Permits and allowances specifically for carbon dioxide (CO2) emission.
CO2 permits
Permits and allowances specifically for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions.
NOx permits
Permits and allowances specifically for sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission.
SO2 permits
REC
Tradable, non-tangible energy commodities that represent proof that 1 megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity was generated from an eligible renewable energy resource and was fed into the shared system of power lines which transport energy.
Renewable Energy Credits/Guarantee of Origin
Tracking instruments as outlined in <https://resource-solutions.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/The-Legal-Basis-for-RECs.pdf>, or following article 15 of the European Directive 2009/28/EC, or similar.
RIN
Tradable tracking instrument generated by the production of biofuels to verify refiner or obligated party compliance with the blending requirements of the Renewable Fuel Standard.
Renewable Identification Number
CER
ERU
Emission Reduction Unit that represents a reduction of greenhouse gases under the Joint Implementation mechanism, where it represents one tonne of CO2 equivalent reduced.
Emission Reduction Unit/Certified Emission Reduction
Ownership interest in water.
Commercial Water Rights
Entitlement to divert a river or pump water from a river or lake.
Diversion Rights
Entitlement to pump groundwater above a certain level.
Groundwater Rights
Entitlement to use the water in a surface storage reservoir.
Surface Storage Reservoir Rights
Entitlement to use treated wastewater.
Treated Wastewater Rights
Levy on specific commodities, financial transactions, estates, etc. rather than being a direct imposition on individuals or corporations such income or property taxes.
Tax and Duties
Product whose underlying is, generally, non-physical.
Financials
Money is characterised by the following properties (1) a medium of exchange, (2) a unit of account, (3) a store of value, (4) a standard of deferred payment.
Money
Currency excluding privately issued (digital) currency and notes.
Currency
Product that tracks the variance or volatility of currency pairs.
Currency Variance
Digital currency including virtual currencies or cryptocurrencies.
Digital Currency
Portfolio of selected currencies with a preagreed weighting.
Currency Basket
Tradeable debt or rate instrument that provides a return in the form of fixed periodic interest payments and/or the eventual return of principal at maturity.
Fixed Income
Government bonds
Debt security issued by a government to fund government spending.
Sovereign bond
Product that tracks the variance or volatility of debt securities issued by a government.
Sovereign bond variance
Rates with tenors of up to 12 months.
STIR
Interest rate swaps, vanilla, basis, etc.
IRS
Forward rate agreement, one payment of an IRS.
FRA
Overnight Index Swaps, float/float or compounded.
OIS
Securities that offset or are linked to a predefined inflation index, e.g. a coupon that adds realised inflation during the interest accrual period.
Inflation-linked Security
Product that tracks the performance of a basket of fixed-income securities, e.g. a bond index.
FI Basket
A basket of FRAs shall be classified IRS, a basket that is a strip of STIRs shall be classified as STIR.
Ownership of assets that may have debt and liabilities attached to them.
Equity
Derivative products with a single stock or ETF as underlying.
Single Stock
Product that tracks the dividend of a stock or stock index.
Dividend
Product that tracks the variance or volatility of a stock or stock index.
Variance
Product that tracks the performance of stock indices.
Stock Index
Property consisting of land and the buildings on it, along with its natural resources such as crops, minerals or water.
Real Estate
Product that track the performance of a REIT.
REIT
Product that track some quality of properties, e.g. rents or average sales prices in a particular area.
Property Market Indicator
Derivative product with a basket of properties or REITs as underlying.
Property Portfolio
Generally non-deliverable product that cannot be classified elsewhere.
Other Financial
Non-deliverable product that tracks the performance of a basket of commodities.
Commodity Index
Product over an index that cannot be categorised elsewhere.
Other Index
Ephemerals are products for the purpose of transition or testing, they might be temporary or not tradable at all.
Ephemerals
Product that can be bought and sold without delivery or payment.
Test
Catch-all category, to be used when no other category fits but it needs to be documented that classification has been tried.
Unclassified